Novel microwave-based green approach for the synthesis of dual-loaded cyclodextrin nanosponges: Characterization, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics evaluation

• Published in: Green processing and synthesis 2024-12, Vol.13 (1), p.1189-95
• Main Authors: Vij, Mohit, Dand, Neha, Kumar, Lalit, Choudhary, Neeraj, Kumar, Parveen, Wadhwa, Pankaj, Wani, Shahid Ud Din, Shakeel, Faiyaz, Ali, Mohammad
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adaptability; Amorphization; Bioavailability; Calorimetry; Cyclodextrin; Cyclodextrins; Differential scanning calorimetry; Drug delivery; Drugs; Fourier transforms; In vivo methods and tests; Infrared analysis; Infrared spectroscopy; Kaolin; microwave; nanocarriers; nanosponge; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Scanning electron microscopy; Solubility; Synthesis; X-ray diffraction
• ISSN: 2191-9550; 2191-9542; 2191-9550
• DOI: 10.1515/gps-2024-0187

Recently, microwave-based cyclodextrin nanosponges (CDNS) of domperidone (DOM) for their solubility and dissolution improvement have been studied. However, microwave-based CDNS for the dual-loading of cinnarizine (CIN) and DOM have not been documented. Therefore, this research concentrates explicitly on the concurrent loading of two drugs employing these nanocarriers, namely CIN and DOM, both categorized under Class II of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. A green approach involving microwave synthesis was employed to fabricate these nanocarriers. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of CDNS, while scanning electron microscopy scans illustrated their porous nature. X-ray diffraction studies established the crystalline structure of the nanocarriers. Differential scanning calorimetry and FTIR analyses corroborated the drugs’ loading and subsequent amorphization. drug release studies demonstrated an enhanced solubility of the drugs, suggesting a potential improvement in their bioavailability. The pharmacokinetic investigation emphatically substantiated this hypothesis, revealing a 4.54- and 2.90-fold increase in the bioavailability of CIN and DOM, respectively. This enhancement was further supported by the results of the pharmacodynamic study utilizing the gastrointestinal distress/pica model, which indicated a significantly reduced consumption of kaolin. Conclusively, this study affirms the adaptability of microwave-based CDNS for the concurrent loading of multiple drugs, leading to improved solubility and bioavailability.