Study of VIPER and TATE in kinetoplastids and the evolution of tyrosine recombinase retrotransposons

Kinetoplastids are a flagellated group of protists, including some parasites, such as and species, that can cause diseases in humans and other animals. The genomes of these species enclose a fraction of retrotransposons including and , two poorly studied transposable elements that encode a tyrosine...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Mobile DNA 2019-08, Vol.10 (1), p.34-34, Article 34
Main Authors: Ribeiro, Yasmin Carla, Robe, Lizandra Jaqueline, Veluza, Danila Syriani, Dos Santos, Cyndia Mara Bezerra, Lopes, Ana Luisa Kalb, Krieger, Marco Aurélio, Ludwig, Adriana
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
DIRS
DNA polymerases
Eukaryotes
Evolutionary biology
Flagellates
Genomes
Genomics
Hepadnavirus
Phage integrase
Phenols (Class of compounds)
Phylogeny
Retroelements
Transposable elements
Transposons
Trypanosomatina
Tyrosine
Tyrosine recombinase
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Summary:Kinetoplastids are a flagellated group of protists, including some parasites, such as and species, that can cause diseases in humans and other animals. The genomes of these species enclose a fraction of retrotransposons including and , two poorly studied transposable elements that encode a tyrosine recombinase (YR) and were previously classified as DIRS elements. This study investigated the distribution and evolution of and in kinetoplastids to understand the relationships of these elements with other retrotransposons. We observed that and have a discontinuous distribution among Trypanosomatidae, with several events of loss and degeneration occurring during a vertical transfer evolution. We were able to identify the terminal repeats of these elements for the first time, and we showed that these elements are potentially active in some species, including copies of . We found that and are strictly related elements, which were named in this study as . The reverse transcriptase (RT) tree presented a low resolution, and the origin and relationships among YR groups remain uncertain. Conversely, for RH, grouped with , whereas for YR, sequences constituted two different clades that are closely allied to . Distinct topologies among RT, RH and YR trees suggest ancient rearrangements/exchanges in domains and a modular pattern of evolution with putative independent origins for each ORF. Due to the presence of both elements in a nontrypanosomatid species, we suggested that and have survived and remained active for more than 400 million years or were reactivated during the evolution of the host species. We did not find clear evidence of independent origins of from the other YR retroelements, supporting the maintenance of the DIRS group of retrotransposons. Nevertheless, according to phylogenetic findings and sequence structure obtained by this study and other works, we proposed separating DIRS elements into four subgroups: and
ISSN:1759-8753
1759-8753
DOI:10.1186/s13100-019-0175-2