The Influence of Injection Temperature and Pressure on Pattern Wax Fluidity

• Published in: Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 2023-08, Vol.7 (4), p.141
• Main Authors: Bazhenov, Viacheslav E., Sannikov, Andrey V., Kovyshkina, Elena P., Koltygin, Andrey V., Bazlov, Andrey I., Belov, Vladimir D., Dmitriev, Dmitry N.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Accuracy; Alloys; Analysis; Cameras; Cooling; Dies; Fluidity; fluidity test; Founding; Investment casting; Liquid metals; Melts; pattern wax; Polystyrene resins; Rheological properties; Rheology; Solidification; Solids; Temperature; Terephthalic acid; Titanium alloys; Viscosity; wax injection; Waxes
• ISSN: 2504-4494; 2504-4494
• DOI: 10.3390/jmmp7040141

In the investment casting process, the pattern made of wax is obtained in a die for further formation of a shell mold. The problem of die-filling by pattern wax is significant because it influences the quality of the final casting. This work investigates three commercial pattern waxes’ fluidity with a newly developed injection fluidity test. It was shown that the fluidity of waxes increased with increasing injection temperature and pressure, and the simultaneous increase in temperature and pressure gives a much more significant enhancement of fluidity than an increase in temperature or pressure separately. The rheological behavior of the waxes was also investigated at different temperatures using a rotational viscosimeter, and temperature dependences of waxes’ dynamic viscosity were determined. It was shown that wax viscosity is increased more than ten times with decreasing temperature from 90 to 60 °C. A good correlation between wax fluidity and its viscosity is observed, which is different from metallic alloys, where the solidification behavior is more critical. The difference in wax flow behavior in comparison with metallic melts is associated with the difference in dynamic viscosity, which for investigated waxes and metallic melts is 3000–27,000 mPa·s and 0.5–6.5 mPa·s, respectively. The difference in investigated filled waxes’ fluidity is observed, which can be associated with the type and amount of filler. The twice-increasing fraction of cross-linked polystyrene decreases fluidity twice. At the same time, terephthalic acid has a minor influence on wax fluidity.