Avian Orthoreoviruses: A Systematic Review of Their Distribution, Dissemination Patterns, and Genotypic Clustering

• Published in: Viruses 2024-06, Vol.16 (7), p.1056
• Main Authors: Rafique, Saba, Rashid, Farooq, Wei, You, Zeng, Tingting, Xie, Liji, Xie, Zhixun
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Africa; Animals; Arthritis; ARV; Asia; Avian orthoreovirus; avian reovirus; biosecurity; chickens; Comparative analysis; Diseases; Disinfectants; Distribution; Europe; Farm management; Genes; Genetic aspects; Genotype; Genotype & phenotype; genotypic clustering; Guanylate cyclase; Immunization; Malabsorption; Maximum likelihood method; Mutation; orthoreovirus; Orthoreovirus, Avian - classification; Orthoreovirus, Avian - genetics; Orthoreovirus, Avian - isolation & purification; Pacific Ocean Islands; Phylogenetics; Phylogeny; Physiological aspects; Poultry; Poultry - virology; Poultry Diseases - epidemiology; Poultry Diseases - virology; poultry industry; Prevalence; Proteins; Proteolysis; Proteolytic enzymes; Reoviridae Infections - epidemiology; Reoviridae Infections - veterinary; Reoviridae Infections - virology; reovirus; Reoviruses; Respiratory diseases; Reviews; RNA polymerase; Strains (organisms); systematic review; Tenosynovitis; tissue tropism; Tropism; vaccination; Vaccines; Viruses
• ISSN: 1999-4915; 1999-4915
• DOI: 10.3390/v16071056

Avian orthoreviruses have become a global challenge to the poultry industry, causing significant economic impacts on commercial poultry. Avian reoviruses (ARVs) are resistant to heat, proteolytic enzymes, a wide range of pH values, and disinfectants, so keeping chicken farms free of ARV infections is difficult. This review focuses on the global prevalence of ARVs and associated clinical signs and symptoms. The most common signs and symptoms include tenosynovitis/arthritis, malabsorption syndrome, runting-stunting syndrome, and respiratory diseases. Moreover, this review also focused on the characterization of ARVs in genotypic clusters (I-VI) and their relation to tissue tropism or viral distribution. The prevailing strains of ARV in Africa belong to all genotypic clusters (GCs) except for GC VI, whereas all GCs are present in Asia and the Americas. In addition, all ARV strains are associated with or belong to GC I-VI in Europe. Moreover, in Oceania, only GC V and VI are prevalent. This review also showed that, regardless of the genotypic cluster, tenosynovitis/arthritis was the predominant clinical manifestation, indicating its universal occurrence across all clusters. Globally, most avian reovirus infections can be prevented by vaccination against four major strains: S1133, 1733, 2408, and 2177. Nevertheless, these vaccines may not a provide sufficient defense against field isolates. Due to the increase in the number of ARV variants, classical vaccine approaches are being developed depending on the degree of antigenic similarity between the vaccine and field strains, which determines how successful the vaccination will be. Moreover, there is a need to look more closely at the antigenic and pathogenic properties of reported ARV strains. The information acquired will aid in the selection of more effective vaccine strains in combination with biosecurity and farm management methods to prevent ARV infections.