A new reactor for process intensification involving the simultaneous application of adjustable ultrasound and microwave radiation

• Published in: Ultrasonics sonochemistry 2021-09, Vol.77, p.105701, Article 105701
• Main Authors: Călinescu, Ioan, Vinatoru, Mircea, Ghimpețeanu, Daniela, Lavric, Vasile, Mason, Timothy J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Combined reactor; Microwave; Ultrasound; Ultrasound hybridized technologies: A new breathing for Sonochemistry
• ISSN: 1350-4177; 1873-2828; 1873-2828
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105701

[Display omitted] •A hybrid US and MW reactor is reported.•The system uses monomode MW and US convertors operating at different frequencies.•Continuously high-power densities can be used with fully controlled temperature.•Transesterification of vegetable oil was used as a model for process intensification. Ultrasound (US) and Microwaves (MW) are effective methods for processes intensification. Their combined use in the same reactor can lead to remarkable results. Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in this field for new synthetic applications using reactors based upon existing technologies. We describe here a new type of apparatus in which the thermal energy is continuously removed from the system making possible the use of high power and adjustable ultrasonic and microwave densities throughout the process. The installation consists of a glass reactor located in a monomode applicator which is immersed at the same time in an ultrasonic device which can be operated at different frequencies and powers. A liquid, transparent to microwaves, was used to couple ultrasonic energy to the reactor and to remove the heat generated. Comsol software was used to get information about the distribution of ultrasonic and microwave energy between the reactor liquid and the coupling fluid. The performance was assessed using the conversion of p-nitrophenol into 4-nitrocatechol as a chemical dosimeter and a transesterification.