Musashi and Plasticity of Xenopus and Axolotl Spinal Cord Ependymal Cells

• Published in: Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 2018-02, Vol.12, p.45-45
• Main Authors: Chernoff, Ellen A G, Sato, Kazuna, Salfity, Hai V N, Sarria, Deborah A, Belecky-Adams, Teri
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Ambystoma mexicanum; Axolotl regeneration; Biology; Cell differentiation; Developmental stages; Embryos; Ependymal cells; Epidermal growth factor; Epithelium; Extracellular matrix; Gene expression; Hybridization; Immunohistochemistry; Isoforms; Mesenchyme; Molecular weight; Morphology; mRNA; musashi-1; musashi-2; Nervous system; Neurogenesis; Neuroscience; Polymerase chain reaction; Progenitor cells; Regeneration; Reptiles & amphibians; Signal transduction; Spinal cord injuries; spinal cord regeneration; Spinal plasticity; Stem cells; Toads; Xenopus; Xenopus regeneration
• ISSN: 1662-5102; 1662-5102
• DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00045

The differentiated state of spinal cord ependymal cells in regeneration-competent amphibians varies between a constitutively active state in what is essentially a developing organism, the tadpole of the frog , and a quiescent, activatable state in a slowly growing adult salamander , the Axolotl. Ependymal cells are epithelial in intact spinal cord of all vertebrates. After transection, body region ependymal epithelium in both and the Axolotl disorganizes for regenerative outgrowth (gap replacement). Injury-reactive ependymal cells serve as a stem/progenitor cell population in regeneration and reconstruct the central canal. Expression patterns of mRNA and protein for the stem/progenitor cell-maintenance Notch signaling pathway mRNA-binding protein (msi) change with life stage and regeneration competence. Msi-1 is missing (immunohistochemistry), or at very low levels (polymerase chain reaction, PCR), in both intact regeneration-competent adult Axolotl cord and intact non-regeneration-competent tadpole (Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 62+, NF 62+). The critical correlation for successful regeneration is expression/upregulation after injury in the ependymal outgrowth and stump-region ependymal cells. and isoforms were cloned for the Axolotl as well as previously unknown isoforms of . Intact spinal cord ependymal cells show a loss of expression between regeneration-competent (NF 50-53) and non-regenerating stages (NF 62+) and in post-metamorphosis froglets, while displays a lower molecular weight isoform in non-regenerating cord. In the Axolotl, embryos and juveniles maintain Msi-1 expression in the intact cord. In the adult Axolotl, Msi-1 is absent, but upregulates after injury. Msi-2 levels are more variable among Axolotl life stages: rising between late tailbud embryos and juveniles and decreasing in adult cord. Cultures of regeneration-competent tadpole cord and injury-responsive adult Axolotl cord ependymal cells showed an identical growth factor response. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) maintains mesenchymal outgrowth , the cells are proliferative and maintain expression. Non-regeneration competent ependymal cells, NF 62+, failed to attach or grow well in EGF+ medium. Ependymal Msi-1 expression and is a strong indicator of regeneration competence in the amphibian spinal cord.