Caries risk assessment by Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) Protocol among the general population of Pakistan-a multicenter analytical study

• Published in: PeerJ (San Francisco, CA) CA), 2024-01, Vol.12, p.e16863-e16863, Article e16863
• Main Authors: Iqbal, Azhar, Siddiqui, Yasir Dilshad, Chaudhary, Farooq Ahmad, Abideen, Malik Zain Ul, Hussain, Talib, Arjumand, Bilal, Almuhaiza, Mohammed, Mustafa, Mohammed, Khattak, Osama, Attia, Reham Mohammed, Rashed, Asma Abubaker, Sultan, Sherif Elsayed
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Age; Calcium phosphates; CAMBRA; Caries indicators; Caries prevention; Caries risk; Dental care; Dental caries; Dentistry; Disease prevention; Education; Fluorides; Gender; Health aspects; Health care; Hospitals; Hygiene; Males; Oral hygiene; Patients; Phosphates; Protective factors; Questionnaires; Regression analysis; Risk assessment; Risk factors; Secondary education; Sociodemographics; Socioeconomic factors; Toiletries industry
• ISSN: 2167-8359; 2167-8359
• DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16863

Caries risk (CR) assessment tools are used to properly identify individuals with caries risk and to improve preventive procedures and programs. A tool such as CAMBRA determines the precise protective factors of caries and identifies an individual's specific therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this study was to assess the caries risk using the CAMBRA protocol among the general population of Pakistan. This multicentre analytical study was conducted in ten dental hospitals in different provinces of Pakistan and the caries risk assessment was carried out using a questionnaire that was designed using the Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) protocol. All 521 participants were intra-orally examined to assess oral hygiene status and the presence of disease. Multiple logistic regression test was performed for analysis. A higher number of participants (61.2%) were found to be in the moderate risk category of caries risk assessment. The males are 51% less likely to have caries compared to the females (AOR = 0.49, = 0.081). The majority of participants (71.3%) had one or more disease indicators, with white spots and visible cavities. Those with visible, heavy plaque were 13.9 times more likely to have caries compared to those without (AOR = 13.92, < 0.001). Those using calcium and phosphate during the last 6 months were 90% less likely to have caries compared to those not using them (AOR = 0.10, < 0.001). There was no significant interaction between all eight risk factors retained in the final model ( > 0.05), the Hosmer and Lemeshow Test < 0.001, classification accuracy = 87.1%, and AUC = 91.2%. The caries risk among the general population of Pakistan is moderate, with significant variation among age groups, education levels, and socioeconomic status.