Automation of Property Acquisition of Single Track Depositions Manufactured through Direct Energy Deposition

• Published in: Applied sciences 2022-03, Vol.12 (5), p.2755
• Main Authors: Gil, Jorge, de Jesus, Abílio, Silva, Maria Beatriz, Vaz, Maria F., Reis, Ana, Tavares, João Manuel R. S.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Additive manufacturing; Alloys; Automation; Carrier gases; Computer applications; Computing time; Cross-sections; Deposition; Dilution; direct energy deposition; Errors; Experimentation; Feeding rates; Flow rates; Flow velocity; Gas flow; image single bead analysis; Laser applications; Lasers; Light microscopy; Manufacturing; Manufacturing industry; Maraging steels; Microscopy; Optical microscopy; parameter acquisition; Precipitation hardening; Productivity; Raw materials; Shielding; Stainless steel; Steel; Substrates; Tool steels; Wettability
• ISSN: 2076-3417; 2076-3417
• DOI: 10.3390/app12052755

Metallic additive manufacturing processes have been significantly developed since their inception with modern systems capable of manufacturing components for structural applications. However, successful processing through these methods requires extensive experimentation before optimised parameters can be found. In laser-based processes, such as direct energy deposition, it is common for single track beads to be deposited and subjected to analysis, yielding information on how the input parameters influence characteristics such as the output’s adhesion to the substrate. These characteristics are often determined using specialised software, from images obtained by cross-section cutting the line beads. The proposed approach was based on a Python algorithm, using the scikit-image library and optical microscopy imaging from produced 18Ni300 Maraging steel on H13 tool steel, and it computes the relevant properties of DED-produced line beads, such as the track height, width, penetration, wettability angles, cross-section areas above and below the substrate and dilution proportion. 18Ni300 Maraging steel depositions were optimised with a laser power of 1550 W, feeding rate of 12 gmin−1, scanning speed of 12 mm s−1, shielding gas flow rate of 25 Lmin−1 and carrier gas flow rate of 4 Lmin−1 for a laser spot diameter of 2.1mm. Out of the cross-sectioned beads, their respective height, width and penetration were calculated with 2.71%, 4.01% and 9.35% errors; the dilution proportion was computed with 14.15% error, the area above the substrate with 5.27% error and the area below the substrate with 17.93% error. The average computational time for the processing of one image was 12.7s. The developed approach was purely segmentational and could potentially benefit from machine-learning implementations.