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Quantitative Analysis of the Cytoskeleton’s Role in Inward Rectifier KIR2.1 Forward and Backward Trafficking
Alteration of the inward rectifier current I K 1 , carried by K IR 2.1 channels, affects action potential duration, impacts resting membrane stability and associates with cardiac arrhythmias. Congenital and acquired K IR 2.1 malfunction frequently associates with aberrant ion channel trafficking. Ce...
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Published in: | Frontiers in physiology 2022-01, Vol.12 |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
Citations: | Items that this one cites Items that cite this one |
Online Access: | Get full text |
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Summary: | Alteration of the inward rectifier current
I
K
1
, carried by K
IR
2.1 channels, affects action potential duration, impacts resting membrane stability and associates with cardiac arrhythmias. Congenital and acquired K
IR
2.1 malfunction frequently associates with aberrant ion channel trafficking. Cellular processes underlying trafficking are intertwined with cytoskeletal function. The extent to which the cytoskeleton is involved in K
IR
2.1 trafficking processes is unknown. We aimed to quantify the dependence of K
IR
2.1 trafficking on cytoskeleton function. GFP or photoconvertible Dendra2 tagged K
IR
2.1 constructs were transfected in HEK293 or HeLa cells. Photoconversion of the Dendra2 probe at the plasma membrane and subsequent live imaging of trafficking processes was performed by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Time constant of green fluorescent recovery (τg,s) represented recruitment of new K
IR
2.1 at the plasma membrane. Red fluorescent decay (τr,s) represented internalization of photoconverted K
IR
2.1. Patch clamp electrophysiology was used to quantify
I
KIR
2
.
1
. Biochemical methods were used for cytoskeleton isolation and detection of K
IR
2.1-cytoskeleton interactions. Cytochalasin B (20 μM), Nocodazole (30 μM) and Dyngo-4a (10 nM) were used to modify the cytoskeleton. Chloroquine (10 μM, 24 h) was used to impair K
IR
2.1 breakdown. Cytochalasin B and Nocodazole, inhibitors of actin and tubulin filament formation respectively, strongly inhibited the recovery of green fluorescence at the plasma membrane suggestive for inhibition of K
IR
2.1 forward trafficking [τg,s 13 ± 2
vs.
131 ± 31* and 160 ± 40* min, for control, Cytochalasin B and Nocodazole, respectively (*
p
< 0.05
vs.
control)]. Dyngo-4a, an inhibitor of dynamin motor proteins, strongly slowed the rate of photoconverted channel internalization, whereas Nocodazole and Cytochalasin B had less effect [τr,s 20 ± 2
vs.
87 ± 14*, 60 ± 16 and 64 ± 20 min (*
p
< 0.05
vs.
control)]. Cytochalasin B treatment (20 μM, 24 h) inhibited
I
KIR
2
.
1
. Chloroquine treatment (10 μM, 24 h) induced intracellular aggregation of K
IR
2.1 channels and enhanced interaction with the actin/intermediate filament system (103 ± 90 fold;
p
< 0.05
vs.
control). Functional actin and tubulin cytoskeleton systems are essential for forward trafficking of K
IR
2.1 channels, whereas initial backward trafficking relies on a functional dynamin system. Chronic disturbance of the actin system inhibits K
IR
2.1 currents. |
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ISSN: | 1664-042X 1664-042X |
DOI: | 10.3389/fphys.2021.812572 |