Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Biosynthesis and Post Synthesis Mechanisms Combine Few Enzymes and Few Core Proteins to Generate Extensive Structural and Functional Diversity

Glycosylation is a common and widespread post-translational modification that affects a large majority of proteins. Of these, a small minority, about 20, are specifically modified by the addition of heparan sulfate, a linear polysaccharide from the glycosaminoglycan family. The resulting molecules,...

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Published in:Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2020-09, Vol.25 (18), p.4215
Main Authors: Annaval, Thibault, Wild, Rebekka, Crétinon, Yoann, Sadir, Rabia, Vivès, Romain R, Lortat-Jacob, Hugues
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Biochemistry
Biochemistry, Molecular Biology
biosynthesis
biosynthesis and post synthetic enzymes
Cell Membrane - metabolism
Extracellular Matrix - metabolism
glycosaminoglycan
Glycosaminoglycans - metabolism
Glycosylation
Golgi Apparatus - metabolism
heparan sulfate
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans - biosynthesis
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans - chemistry
Heparitin Sulfate - metabolism
Humans
Life Sciences
Mutation
Oligosaccharides - chemistry
Protein Biosynthesis
Protein Domains
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
proteoglycan
Review
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Summary:Glycosylation is a common and widespread post-translational modification that affects a large majority of proteins. Of these, a small minority, about 20, are specifically modified by the addition of heparan sulfate, a linear polysaccharide from the glycosaminoglycan family. The resulting molecules, heparan sulfate proteoglycans, nevertheless play a fundamental role in most biological functions by interacting with a myriad of proteins. This large functional repertoire stems from the ubiquitous presence of these molecules within the tissue and a tremendous structural variety of the heparan sulfate chains, generated through both biosynthesis and post synthesis mechanisms. The present review focusses on how proteoglycans are "gagosylated" and acquire structural complexity through the concerted action of Golgi-localized biosynthesis enzymes and extracellular modifying enzymes. It examines, in particular, the possibility that these enzymes form complexes of different modes of organization, leading to the synthesis of various oligosaccharide sequences.
ISSN:1420-3049
1420-3049
DOI:10.3390/molecules25184215