Validation of a New Method for Continuous Flare Combustion Efficiency Monitoring

• Published in: Atmosphere 2024-03, Vol.15 (3), p.356
• Main Authors: Tao, Chong, Chow, Jon, Sui, Lei, Wang, Anan, Bottino, Gerard, Evans, Peter, Newman, David, Venuturumilli, Raj, Lowe, Jon, Liekens, Johan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Calorific value; Climate change; Combustion; Combustion efficiency; combustion efficiency monitoring; Computational fluid dynamics; Crosswinds; Efficiency; Empirical analysis; Environmental aspects; flare; flare combustion efficiency; Flares; Flow rates; Flow velocity; Flowmeters; Fluid dynamics; Fourier transforms; Gas composition; Gas flares; Gas flaring; Gas heating; Gases; Greenhouse gases; Heating; Hydrocarbons; Hydrodynamics; Mathematical models; Molecular weight; Monitoring systems; Monte Carlo simulation; Natural gas; Rare gases; Sampling methods; Sound measurement; Ultrasonic imaging; Uncertainty; Uncertainty analysis; Wind effects
• ISSN: 2073-4433; 2073-4433
• DOI: 10.3390/atmos15030356

A new method is described for calculating flare combustion efficiency (CE) and destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) using a numerical parametric model. The method combines key variables that affect flare performance including the flare vent gas net heating value (NHV), flare design, flow rate, exit velocity, and inert gas composition, alongside the environmental influence of crosswind speed. Each effect is characterized using a parametric model derived from experimental testing data and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The inclusion of CFD allows the model to be extended into the high-wind conditions that cannot be adequately controlled for in empirical testing yet represent some of the most challenging conditions in which to maintain good combustion. This new parametric model method (PMM) is coupled with ultrasonic flowmeters from which the molecular weight and net heating value of the flare gas can be derived using the vent gas speed of sound measurement. In doing so, this method provides a reliable continuous flare combustion efficiency measure that can be deployed at scale with minimum hardware updates. The system was verified using an extractive sampling method with tests conducted on three full-scale industrial flares including non-assisted, single-arm pressure-assisted, and multi-arm pressure-assisted flare designs. A total of seventy valid test points were carried out with varying flow rate and flare gas heating value, covering a CE range from 46–100%. The uncertainty of the method was assessed using both traditional error propagation and Monte Carlo methodology. The results from the new method agree with the extractive method to within 0.8% in the ≥98% DRE region where flares are expected to operate to limit the impacts of flaring as a source of methane as a greenhouse gas. Uncertainty analysis revealed that the larger DRE discrepancy for DRE ≤ 98% correlates to the measurement uncertainties for both methods.