Co-quantification of crAssphage increases confidence in wastewater-based epidemiology for SARS-CoV-2 in low prevalence areas

• Published in: Water research X 2021-05, Vol.11, p.100100, Article 100100
• Main Authors: Wilder, Maxwell L., Middleton, Frank, Larsen, David A., Du, Qian, Fenty, Ariana, Zeng, Teng, Insaf, Tabassum, Kilaru, Pruthvi, Collins, Mary, Kmush, Brittany, Green, Hyatt C.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cross-assembly phage; SARS-CoV-2; Viral concentration; Wastewater-based epidemiology
• ISSN: 2589-9147; 2589-9147
• DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100100

•Ultracentrifugation with a sucrose cushion allowed sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater RNA.•Per capita levels of crAssphage were consistent across sites supporting its use as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2.•Limits of quantification corresponded to daily positive tests as low as 0.37 per 10,000 people, depending on the area.•SARS-CoV-2 RNA signal strength is associated with increased COVID-19 cases in the following 7 days.•SARS-CoV-2:crAssphage ratios were significantly associated with COVID-19 cases. Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA is increasingly being incorporated into public health efforts to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to obtain the maximum benefit from these efforts, approaches to wastewater monitoring need to be rapid, sensitive, and relatable to relevant epidemiological parameters. In this study, we present an ultracentrifugation-based method for the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater RNA and use crAssphage, a bacteriophage specific to the human gut, to help account for RNA loss during transit in the wastewater system and sample processing. With these methods, we were able to detect, and sometimes quantify, SARS-CoV-2 RNA from 20 mL wastewater samples within as little as 4.5 hours. Using known concentrations of bovine coronavirus RNA and deactivated SARS-CoV-2, we estimate recovery rates of approximately 7-12% of viral RNA using our method. Results from 24 sewersheds across Upstate New York during the spring and summer of 2020 suggested that stronger signals of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from wastewater may be indicative of greater COVID-19 incidence in the represented service area approximately one week in advance. SARS-CoV-2 wastewater RNA was quantifiable in some service areas with daily positives tests of less than 1 per 10,000 people or when weekly positive test rates within a sewershed were as low as 1.7%. crAssphage DNA concentrations were significantly lower during periods of high flow in almost all areas studied. After accounting for flow rate and population served, crAssphage levels per capita were estimated to be about 1.35 × 1011 and 2.42 × 108 genome copies per day for DNA and RNA, respectively. A negative relationship between per capita crAssphage RNA and service area size was also observed likely reflecting degradation of RNA over long transit times. Our results reinforce the potential for wastewater surveillance to be used as a tool to supplement understanding of infectious disease transmission obtained by trad