Recovery of Cobalt, Nickel, and Lithium from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries with Gluconic Acid Leaching Process: Kinetics Study

The demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is driven by environmental concerns and market growth, particularly in the transportation sector. The EU’s push for net-zero emissions and the European Green Deal accentuates the role of battery technologies in sustainable energy supply. Organic acids, lik...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Batteries (Basel) 2024-04, Vol.10 (4), p.120
Main Authors: Gerold, Eva, Lerchbammer, Reinhard, Antrekowitsch, Helmut
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acid leaching
Acids
Activation energy
Chemical reactions
Cobalt
Composition
Emissions
Environmental impact
Gluconic acid
Glucose
Hydrogen peroxide
Kinetics
kinetics study
Lithium
Lithium cells
Lithium-ion batteries
Metals
Nickel
Organic acids
Oxidation
Process controls
Rechargeable batteries
recycling
Scientific imaging
sustainability
Temperature
Toxicity
Transportation industry
Waste management
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Summary:The demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is driven by environmental concerns and market growth, particularly in the transportation sector. The EU’s push for net-zero emissions and the European Green Deal accentuates the role of battery technologies in sustainable energy supply. Organic acids, like gluconic acid, are explored for the eco-friendly leaching of valuable metals from spent batteries. This study investigates leaching kinetics using gluconic acid (hydrolyzed glucono-1.5-lacton), analyzing factors such as temperature, acid concentration, particle size, and reaction time. Results reveal the temperature’s influence on leaching efficiency for cobalt, nickel, and lithium. The mechanism for Co follows a surface chemical reaction model with an activation energy of 28.2 kJ·mol−1. Nickel, on the contrary, shows a diffusion-controlled regime and an activation energy of 70.1 kJ·mol−1. The reaction of leaching Ni and Co using gluconic acid was determined to be first-order. The process within this environmentally friendly alternative leaching agent shows great potential for sustainable metal recovery.
ISSN:2313-0105
2313-0105
DOI:10.3390/batteries10040120