The expansion of the middle and rich classes heterogeneously intensifies regional water withdrawal in China

• Published in: Resources, environment and sustainability environment and sustainability, 2023-06, Vol.12, p.100114, Article 100114
• Main Authors: Zhang, Fanghui, Wei, Liyuan, Hu, Yuanchao, Yan, Hua, Cui, Huwei, Chen, Chang, Wang, Zhen
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Consumption pattern; Income; Population structure; Water footprint; Water withdrawal
• ISSN: 2666-9161; 2666-9161
• DOI: 10.1016/j.resenv.2023.100114

China’s population–income structure has undergone significant changes. However, the impact of population expansion and changes in consumption patterns of specific income groups on regional water withdrawal has not been quantitatively assessed. Here we incorporate multiregional input–output (MRIO) tables with national survey data to capture the water footprint (WF) in the consumption of each income group in China by considering each group’s consumption patterns and population changes. The results show that the middle and rich classes contributed 83% (2012) and 89% (2015) of embodied water withdrawal, respectively. Among the driving factors leading to changes in water withdrawal, changes in consumption patterns and the population–income structure led to increases of approximately 15.4 billion m3 and 12.4 billion m3 , respectively. Households on the East Coast (EC), and South Coast (SC), as well as in Central China (CC), and Southwest (SW) were the key contributors to the increase. Our findings highlight essential water conservation policies to consider to meet the needs of transforming society. [Display omitted] •The water footprint of household consumption in China from 2012 to 2015 is assessed.•Expansion of the middle and rich classes intensifies water consumption in China.•Population–income structure is an appreciable factor in the household water footprint.