Gravitational Condensate Stars: An Alternative to Black Holes

A new final endpoint of complete gravitational collapse is proposed. By extending the concept of Bose–Einstein condensation to gravitational systems, a static, spherically symmetric solution to Einstein’s equations is obtained, characterized by an interior de Sitter region of p=−ρ gravitational vacu...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Universe (Basel) 2023-02, Vol.9 (2), p.88
Main Authors: Mazur, Pawel O., Mottola, Emil
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Astronomical research
Black holes
Coordinate transformations
cosmological constant
dark energy
Energy
Entropy
general relativity
Geometry
Gravitational collapse
information paradox
Kinematics
Phase transitions
Quantum theory
Radiation
Spacetime
Theory of relativity
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Summary:A new final endpoint of complete gravitational collapse is proposed. By extending the concept of Bose–Einstein condensation to gravitational systems, a static, spherically symmetric solution to Einstein’s equations is obtained, characterized by an interior de Sitter region of p=−ρ gravitational vacuum condensate and an exterior Schwarzschild geometry of arbitrary total mass M. These are separated by a phase boundary with a small but finite thickness ℓ, replacing both the Schwarzschild and de Sitter classical horizons. The resulting collapsed cold, compact object has no singularities, no event horizons, and a globally defined Killing time. Its entropy is maximized under small fluctuations and is given by the standard hydrodynamic entropy of the thin shell, which is of order kBℓMc/ℏ, instead of the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy, SBH=4πkBGM2/ℏc. Unlike BHs, a collapsed star of this kind is consistent with quantum theory, thermodynamically stable, and suffers from no information paradox.
ISSN:2218-1997
2218-1997
DOI:10.3390/universe9020088