White matter maturation is associated with the emergence of Theory of Mind in early childhood

• Published in: Nature communications 2017-03, Vol.8 (1), p.14692-14692, Article 14692
• Main Authors: Grosse Wiesmann, Charlotte, Schreiber, Jan, Singer, Tania, Steinbeis, Nikolaus, Friederici, Angela D.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 631/378/2645; 631/378/2649; 631/477; Brain; Child Development - physiology; Child, Preschool; Cognition & reasoning; Cognitive ability; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Executive Function; Female; Functional Neuroimaging; Humanities and Social Sciences; Humans; Language Development; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; multidisciplinary; Neural Pathways - diagnostic imaging; Neural Pathways - growth & development; Parietal Lobe - diagnostic imaging; Parietal Lobe - growth & development; Prefrontal Cortex - diagnostic imaging; Prefrontal Cortex - growth & development; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Temporal Lobe - diagnostic imaging; Temporal Lobe - growth & development; Theory of Mind - physiology; White Matter - diagnostic imaging; White Matter - growth & development
• ISSN: 2041-1723; 2041-1723
• DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14692

The ability to attribute mental states to other individuals is crucial for human cognition. A milestone of this ability is reached around the age of 4, when children start understanding that others can have false beliefs about the world. The neural basis supporting this critical step is currently unknown. Here, we relate this behavioural change to the maturation of white matter structure in 3- and 4-year-old children. Tract-based spatial statistics and probabilistic tractography show that the developmental breakthrough in false belief understanding is associated with age-related changes in local white matter structure in temporoparietal regions, the precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex, and with increased dorsal white matter connectivity between temporoparietal and inferior frontal regions. These effects are independent of co-developing cognitive abilities. Our findings show that the emergence of mental state representation is related to the maturation of core belief processing regions and their connection to the prefrontal cortex. At age 4, children start understanding other peoples' false beliefs, but the related neuroanatomical changes are unknown. Here, authors show that false belief understanding is associated with age-related changes in white matter structure, and that this effect is independent of other cognitive abilities.