Comorbidity and household income as mediators of gender inequalities in dementia risk: a real-world data population study

• Published in: BMC geriatrics 2024-02, Vol.24 (1), p.209-9, Article 209
• Main Authors: Zubiagirre, Uxue, Ibarrondo, Oliver, Larrañaga, Igor, Soto-Gordoa, Myriam, Mar-Barrutia, Lorea, Mar, Javier
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Analysis; Comorbidity; Dementia; Dementia - diagnosis; Dementia - epidemiology; Dementia disorders; Demographic aspects; Diabetes; Disease prevention; Family income; Female; Gender; Gender differences; Gender Equity; Health aspects; Health care disparities; Health services; Households; Humans; Incidence; Income level; Influence; Liver diseases; Male; Minority & ethnic groups; Older people; Personal income; Pharmacy; Population studies; Prevalence; Primary care; Public health; Regression analysis; Research Design; Retrospective Studies; Risk factors; Socioeconomic factors; Statistical analysis; Variables; Womens health
• ISSN: 1471-2318; 1471-2318
• DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04770-3

Low household income (HI), comorbidities and female sex are associated with an increased risk of dementia. The aim of this study was to measure the mediating effect of comorbidity and HI on the excess risk due to gender in relation to the incidence and prevalence of dementia in the general population. A retrospective and observational study using real-world data analysed all people over 60 who were registered with the Basque Health Service in Gipuzkoa. The study measured HI level, the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), age and sex. The prevalence and incidence of dementia were analysed using logistic regression and Poisson regression models, respectively, adjusted by HI, sex, comorbidity and age. We estimated the combined mediation effect of HI and comorbidity on the prevalence of dementia associated with gender. Of the 221,777 individuals, 3.85% (8,549) had a diagnosis of dementia as of 31 December 2021. Classification by the CCI showed a gradient with 2.90% in CCI 0-1, 10.60% in CCI 2-3 and 18.01% in CCI > 3. Both low HI and gender were associated with a higher crude prevalence of dementia. However, in the CCI-adjusted model, women had an increased risk of dementia, while HI was no longer statistically significant. The incidence analysis produced similar results, although HI was not significant in any model. The CCI was significantly higher for men and for people with low HI. The mediation was statistically significant, and the CCI and HI explained 79% of the gender effect. Comorbidity and low HI act as mediators in the increased risk of dementia associated with female sex. Given the difference in the prevalence of comorbidities by HI, individual interventions to control comorbidities could not only prevent dementia but also reduce inequalities, as the risk is greater in the most disadvantaged population.