Microbiota of Peri-Implant Healthy Tissues, Peri-Implant Mucositis, and Peri-Implantitis: A Comprehensive Review

• Published in: Microorganisms (Basel) 2024-06, Vol.12 (6), p.1137
• Main Authors: Di Spirito, Federica, Giordano, Francesco, Di Palo, Maria Pia, D'Ambrosio, Francesco, Scognamiglio, Bruno, Sangiovanni, Giuseppe, Caggiano, Mario, Gasparro, Roberta
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anaerobic microorganisms; Bacteria; Bacterial infections; Biofilms; Connective tissue; Cytomegalovirus; dental implants; Development and progression; Erythema; Ethics; Gram-positive cocci; Immunomodulation; Implant dentures; Inflammation; Inflammatory response; Microbiota; Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms); Microorganisms; Mucositis; Neutrophils; oral health; peri-implant disease; peri-implant health; peri-implant mucositis; peri-implantitis; Review; Sampling techniques; Statistical analysis; Transplants & implants; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
• ISSN: 2076-2607; 2076-2607
• DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061137

Understanding the microbiological profiles of peri-implant conditions is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This narrative review analyzes the microbial profiles associated with healthy peri-implant sites, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis, along with related microbiological sampling and analyses. Healthy peri-implant sites are predominantly colonized by , , , and species, in addition to Gram-positive cocci and facultatively anaerobic rods, forming a stable community that prevents pathogenic colonization and maintains microbial balance. In contrast, peri-implant mucositis shows increased microbial diversity, including both health-associated and pathogenic bacteria such as red and orange complex bacteria, contributing to early tissue inflammation. Peri-implantitis is characterized by even greater microbial diversity and a complex pathogenic biofilm. Predominant pathogens include , , , , and unique species like and . Additionally, less common species such as and , contributing to disease progression through biofilm formation and increased inflammatory response, along with and human cytomegalovirus with a still not defined role, and contribute to disease progression through biofilm formation, immune modulation, and synergistic inter-kingdom interactions. Future research should standardize diagnostic criteria, employ advanced molecular techniques, integrate microbial data with clinical factors, and highlight inter-kingdom interactions.