Exploring help-seeking pathways and disparities in substance use disorder care in India: A multicenter cross-sectional study

• Published in: Indian journal of psychiatry 2024-06, Vol.66 (6), p.528-537
• Main Authors: Ghosh, Abhishek, Mahintamani, Tathagata, Somani, Aditya, Mukherjee, Diptadhi, Padhy, Susanta, Khanra, Sourav, Arya, Sidharth, Suthar, Navratan, Prasad, Sambhu, Haokip, Hoeineiting Rebecca, Guin, Aparajita, Rina, Kumari, Basu, Aniruddha, Mishra, Shree, Das, Basudeb, Gupta, Rajiv, Singh, Lokesh Kumar, Nebhinani, Naresh, Kumar, Pankaj, Kaur, Ramandeep, Basu, Debasish
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: addiction treatment services; Care and treatment; Comparative analysis; Cross-sectional studies; Drug addiction; Drug dependence; Drug use; Health care; lower- and middle-income countries; mental health services; Morbidity; Original; pathways to care (ptc); Population studies; Primary care; Psychiatric services; Public health; Self-care, Health; Substance abuse; Substance abuse treatment; Substance use; substance use disorders
• ISSN: 0019-5545; 1998-3794
• DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_123_24

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are among the leading causes of morbidity in the population. In low- and medium-income countries like India, there is a wide treatment gap for SUD. A multicentric study on the care pathways for SUD in India can help to understand service provision, service utilization, and challenges to improve existing SUD care in India. We aimed to map pathways to care in SUD. We compared the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients who first consulted specialized services versus other medical services. This was a cross-sectional study of consecutive, consenting adults (18-65 years) with SUD registered to each of the nine participating addiction treatment services distributed across five Indian regions. We adapted the World Health Organization's pathway encounter form. Of the 998 participants, 98% were males, 49.4% were rural, and 20% were indigenous population. Addiction services dominated initial (50%) and subsequent (60%) healthcare contacts. One in five contacted private for-profit healthcare. Primary care contact was rare (5/998). Diverse approaches included traditional healers (4-6%) and self-medication (2-8%). There was a 3-year delay in first contact; younger, educated individuals with opioid dependence preferred specialized services. There is a need to strengthen public healthcare infrastructure and delivery systems and integrate SUD treatment into public healthcare.