Accelerated menopausal changes as human disease model ‘FOCUM’ for the development of osteoarthritis and other degenerative disorders: protocol for a prospective cohort study

• Published in: BMJ open 2022-11, Vol.12 (11), p.e064779-e064779
• Main Authors: Molendijk, Eveline, Schiphof, Dieuwke, Oei, Edwin H G, de Vos, Robert-Jan, Bos, P Koen, van Meurs, Joyce B J, Lubberts, Erik, Zillikens, M Carola, van der Eerden, Bram C J, Kavousi, Maryam, Schouten, Boris W V, de Rooij-Duran, Mariëlla I B, Bierma-Zeinstra, Sita M A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Arthritis; Cohort analysis; General practice / Family practice; INTERNAL MEDICINE; Magnetic resonance imaging; Menopause; Musculoskeletal disorders; Older people; Osteoarthritis; Womens health
• ISSN: 2044-6055; 2044-6055
• DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064779

IntroductionThe incidence of degenerative disorders, including osteoarthritis (OA), increases rapidly in women after menopause. However, the influence of the menopause is still insufficiently investigated due to the slowness of menopausal transition. In this study, a novel human model is used in which it is expected that menopausal-related changes will occur faster. This is the Females discontinuing Oral Contraceptives Use at Menopausal age model. The ultimate aim is to link these changes to OA and other degenerative disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis and tendinopathies.Methods and analysisThis is a pilot observational prospective cohort study with 2 years of follow-up. Fifty women aged 50–60 who use oral contraceptive (OC) and have the intention to stop are included. Measurements are performed once before stopping OC, and four times thereafter at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years. At every time point, a questionnaire is filled in and a sample of blood is drawn. At the first and final time points, a physical examination, hand radiographs and a MRI scan of one knee are performed. The primary OA outcome is progression of the MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score. Secondary OA outcomes are the development of clinical knee and hand OA, development of knee OA according to the MRI definition, and progression of radiographic features for hand OA. Principal component analysis will be used to assess which changes occur after stopping OC. Univariate and multivariate generalised estimating equation models will be used to test for associations between these components and OA.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam (MEC-2019-0592). All participants must give informed consent before data collection. Results will be disseminated in national and international journals.Trial registration numberNL70796.078.19.