Biomechanical Behavior of Injected Cement Spacers versus Traditional Cages in Low-Density Lumbar Spine under Compression Loading

• Published in: Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Lithuania), 2024-07, Vol.60 (7), p.1155
• Main Authors: Csakany, Tibor, Varga, Peter, Gueorguiev, Boyko, Lakatos, Eva, Kurutz, Marta
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Back surgery; biomechanical compression test; Biomechanical Phenomena; Biomechanics; Bone Cements - therapeutic use; Bone Density; bone–implant interface; Cadaver; Clinical outcomes; Compressive Strength; Disease; Female; Fractures; Humans; injected cement spacers; Investigations; lumbar stabilization; Lumbar Vertebrae - physiology; Lumbar Vertebrae - surgery; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoporosis; Polymethyl methacrylate; Range of motion; Surgical techniques; Systematic review; traditional cages; Vertebrae; Weight-Bearing - physiology
• ISSN: 1648-9144; 1010-660X; 1648-9144
• DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071155

: Osteoporosis renders the use of traditional interbody cages potentially dangerous given the high risk of damage in the bone-implant interface. Instead, injected cement spacers can be applied as interbody devices; however, this technique has been mainly used in cervical spine surgery. This study aimed at investigating the biomechanical behavior of cement spacers versus traditional cages in lumbar spine surgery. : Destructive monotonic axial compression testing was performed on 20 human cadaveric low-density lumbar segments from elderly donors (14 f/6 m, 70.3 ± 12.0 y) treated with either injected cement spacers ( = 10) or traditional cages ( = 10) without posterior instrumentation. Stiffness, failure load and displacement were compared. The effects of bone density, vertebral geometry and spacer contact area were evaluated. : Cement spacers demonstrated higher stiffness, significantly smaller displacement ( < 0.001) and a similar failure load compared to traditional cages. In the cage group, stiffness and failure load depended strongly on bone density and vertebral height, whereas failure displacement depended on vertebral anterior height. No such correlations were identified with cement spacers. : Cement spacers used in lumbar interbody stabilization provided similar compression strength, significantly smaller failure displacement and a stiffer construct than traditional cages that provided benefits mainly for large and strong vertebrae. Cement stabilization was less sensitive to density and could be more beneficial also for segments with smaller and less dense vertebrae. In contrast to the injection of cement spacers, the optimal insertion of cages into the irregular intervertebral space is challenging and risks damaging bone. Further studies are required to corroborate these findings and the treatment selection thresholds.