The burden of lower respiratory infections and their underlying etiologies in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990-2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

• Published in: BMC pulmonary medicine 2023-01, Vol.23 (1), p.2-14, Article 2
• Main Authors: Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Ahad, Bokaie, Saied, Razmyar, Jamshid, Akbarein, Hesameddin, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Carson-Chahhoud, Kristin, Sullman, Mark J M, Kaufman, Jay S, Safiri, Saeid
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Africa, Northern - epidemiology; Care and treatment; Diagnosis; Etiology; Female; Global Burden of Disease; Humans; Incidence; Lower respiratory infection; Male; Middle East - epidemiology; Middle East and North Africa; Prevalence; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Respiratory tract infections; Respiratory Tract Infections - epidemiology; Risk factor; Risk Factors
• ISSN: 1471-2466; 1471-2466
• DOI: 10.1186/s12890-022-02301-7

Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) cause substantial mortality and morbidity. The present study reported and analysed the burden of LRIs in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region between 1990 and 2019, by age, sex, etiology, and socio-demographic index (SDI). The data used in this study were sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. The annual incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to LRIs were presented as counts and age-standardised rates per 100,000 population, along with their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). The average annual percent changes (AAPC) in the age-standardised incidence, death and DALYs rates were calculated using Joinpoint software and correlations (Pearson's correlation coefficient) between the AAPCs and SDIs were calculated using Stata software. In 2019, there were 34.1 million (95% UI 31.7-36.8) incident cases of LRIs in MENA, with an age-standardised rate of 6510.2 (95% UI 6063.6-6997.8) per 100,000 population. The number of regional DALYs was 4.7 million (95% UI 3.9-5.4), with an age-standardised rate of 888.5 (95% UI 761.1-1019.9) per 100,000 population, which has decreased since 1990. Furthermore, Egypt [8150.8 (95% UI 7535.8-8783.5)] and Afghanistan [61.9 (95% UI 52.1-72.6)] had the highest age-standardised incidence and death rates, respectively. In 2019, the regional incidence and DALY rates were highest in the 1-4 age group, in both females and males. In terms of deaths, pneumococcus and H. influenza type B were the most and least common types of LRIs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, the burden of LRIs generally decreased with increasing SDI. There were significant positive correlations between SDI and the AAPCs for the age-standardised incidence, death and DALY rates (p