Fading Evaluation in Standardized 5G Millimeter-Wave Band

• Published in: IEEE access 2021, Vol.9, p.67268-67280
• Main Authors: Marins, Tiago Reis Rufino, Anjos, Andre Antonio Dos, Silva, Carlos Rafael Nogueira Da, Penarrocha, Vicent Miquel Rodrigo, Rubio, Lorenzo, Reig, Juan, De Souza, Rausley Adriano Amaral, Yacoub, Michel Daoud
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 5G mobile communication; 5G-NR; Antenna measurements; Ceilings; Concrete construction; Distribution functions; Drywall; Fading; Fading model; Frequency measurement; Indoor environments; Level crossings; Line of sight; Millimeter waves; mm-wave; multipath fading; Particle measurements; Probability density function; Probability density functions; Rayleigh channels; Reinforced concrete; Reinforcing steels; Standardization; Steel plates; wireless channel; Wireless communication
• ISSN: 2169-3536; 2169-3536
• DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3076631

Recent standardization of portions of the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band for fifth-generation (5G) operation has called for further research on how short-term fading behaves in that unexplored part of the spectrum. With such a target, this paper reports on a thorough measurement campaign conducted in an indoor environment characterized by rich-multipath scattering, a part of a modern building, with floor and ceiling constructed of reinforced concrete over steel plates with wood and plasterboard-paneled walls. Particularly, measurements have been performed in a variety of scenarios, under line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (nLoS) conditions, for a wide range of frequencies, namely from 25 to 40 GHz- a span of 15 GHz- therefore, including 26, 28 and 39 GHz. First and second order statistics of representative fading models, namely Rayleigh, Rice, Nakagami, folded normal, {\alpha } - {\mu } , {\eta } - {\mu } , {\kappa } - {\mu } , and {\alpha } - {\eta } - {\kappa } - {\mu } have been investigated. The metrics used in the analysis were the normalized mean square error (NMSE), the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS), and the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Additionally, the study of the {\kappa } - {\mu } model is advanced, in which new, exact, simple closed-form expressions for probability density function, cumulative distribution function, and level crossing rate are derived for some particular cases, namely for {\mu = n+ 1/2} in which {n\in {{\mathbb {N}}} .