Proton-assisted creation of controllable volumetric oxygen vacancies in ultrathin CeO2−x for pseudocapacitive energy storage applications

• Published in: Nature communications 2019-06, Vol.10 (1), p.1-9, Article 2594
• Main Authors: S. Mofarah, Sajjad, Adabifiroozjaei, Esmaeil, Yao, Yin, Koshy, Pramod, Lim, Sean, Webster, Richard, Liu, Xinhong, Khayyam Nekouei, Rasoul, Cazorla, Claudio, Liu, Zhao, Wang, Yu, Lambropoulos, Nicholas, Sorrell, Charles C.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 119/118; 140/133; 140/146; 147/135; 147/137; 147/143; 147/28; 147/3; 639/301/299/161; 639/301/930/1032; Capacitance; Cerium oxides; Conduction; Electrolytes; Energy storage; Fabrication; Glass substrates; Humanities and Social Sciences; Materials science; Metal concentrations; Metal oxides; Microscopy; multidisciplinary; Oxides; Oxygen; Proton conduction; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Spectrum analysis; Stability; Thin films; Vacancies
• ISSN: 2041-1723; 2041-1723
• DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10621-2

Two-dimensional metal oxide pseudocapacitors are promising candidates for size-sensitive applications. However, they exhibit limited energy densities and inferior power densities. Here, we present an electrodeposition technique by which ultrathin CeO 2− x films with controllable volumetric oxygen vacancy concentrations can be produced. This technique offers a layer-by-layer fabrication route for ultrathin CeO 2− x films that render Ce 3+ concentrations as high as ~60 at% and a volumetric capacitance of 1873 F cm −3 , which is among the highest reported to the best of our knowledge. This exceptional behaviour originates from both volumetric oxygen vacancies, which enhance electron conduction, and intercrystallite water, which promotes proton conduction. Consequently, simultaneous charging on the surface and in the bulk occur, leading to the observation of redox pseudocapacitive behaviour in CeO 2− x . Thermodynamic investigations reveal that the energy required for oxygen vacancy formation can be reduced significantly by proton-assisted reactions. This cyclic deposition technique represents an efficient method to fabricate metal oxides of precisely controlled defect concentrations and thicknesses. Two-dimensional pseudocapacitors may benefit portable electronic devices but require improved energy and power densities. Here, the authors achieve high volumetric capacitance in ultrathin films with oxygen vacancies that enhance electron conduction and intercrystallite water that promotes proton conduction.