The Interplay between Gender and Duration of Hospitalization Modulates Psychiatric Symptom Severity in Subjects with Long COVID-19

Long COVID-19 is characterized by ongoing symptoms or prolonged or long-term complications of SARS-CoV-2 contraction which persist beyond 4 weeks from the initial onset of symptoms. Gender and duration of hospitalization (DH) are key risk factors for developing long COVID-19 syndrome, but their impa...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Brain sciences 2024-07, Vol.14 (8), p.744
Main Authors: Simonetti, Alessio, Restaino, Antonio, Calderoni, Claudia, De Chiara, Emanuela, D'Onofrio, Antonio Maria, Lioniello, Salvatore, Camardese, Giovanni, Janiri, Delfina, Tosato, Matteo, Landi, Francesco, Sani, Gabriele
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Anxiety
Comparative analysis
COVID-19
depression
Depression, Mental
Females
Gender
Hospital patients
Hospitalization
Infections
Investigations
long COVID-19 syndrome
Males
Medical history
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Mental depression
Pandemics
Psychology, Pathological
Psychopathology
Psychotropic drugs
Quantitative psychology
Risk factors
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Sociodemographics
Subacute care
Variance analysis
Citations: Items that this one cites
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Summary:Long COVID-19 is characterized by ongoing symptoms or prolonged or long-term complications of SARS-CoV-2 contraction which persist beyond 4 weeks from the initial onset of symptoms. Gender and duration of hospitalization (DH) are key risk factors for developing long COVID-19 syndrome, but their impact and interplay need further study. This research involved 996 long COVID-19 patients, and we compared the levels of general psychopathology, depression, agitated depression, anxiety, and medication use between hospitalized and non-hospitalized males and females. In the hospitalized patients, multivariate regressions assessed the impact of gender, DH, and the interaction of these variables. The females had higher levels of long COVID-19 symptoms, psychotropic drug use, depression, anxiety, and general psychopathology than the males. The non-hospitalized females exhibited more severe agitated depression than the non-hospitalized males. In females, DH was more strongly correlated with the number of psychotropic medications used during long COVID-19. A negative correlation was found between DH and severity of agitated depression in the female patients only. These results highlight that the gender-specific relationship between DH and agitated depression severity should be explored further.
ISSN:2076-3425
2076-3425
DOI:10.3390/brainsci14080744