Systemic Synthesis Questions [SSynQs] as Tools to Help Students to Build Their Cognitive Structures in a Systemic Manner

• Published in: Research in science education (Australasian Science Education Research Association) 2016-08, Vol.46 (4), p.525-546
• Main Authors: Hrin, Tamara N, Fahmy, Ameen F. M, Segedinac, Mirjana D, Milenkovic, Dušica D
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Academic achievement; Chemistry; Cognitive Style; Control Groups; Correlation; Education; Gender Differences; High School Students; Instructional Effectiveness; Intervention; Learning Processes; Mental effort; Organic Chemistry; Science Achievement; Science Education; Science Instruction; Science teaching; Scientific Concepts; Scores; Secondary education; Systemic synthesis questions (SSynQs); Teaching effectiveness; Teaching Methods
• ISSN: 0157-244X; 1573-1898
• DOI: 10.1007/s11165-015-9470-1

Many studies dedicated to the teaching and learning of organic chemistry courses have emphasised that high school students have shown significant difficulties in mastering the concepts of this discipline. Therefore, the aim of our study was to help students to overcome these difficulties by applying systemic synthesis questions, [SSynQs], as the instructional method in our intervention. This work shows that students from the group exposed to the new teaching method achieved higher scores on final testing than students from the control group, who were taught by the traditional method, when students' achievements in conventional, linear questions [LQs] and in [SSynQs] were studied. These results were followed by observation of lower levels of mental effort by students from the intervention group, and higher levels of mental effort in the control group, invested during solving both types of questions. This correlation between achievement and mental effort resulted in high instructional efficiency for the applied method in the intervention group, [SSynQs], and low instructional efficiency for the traditional teaching and learning method applied in the control group. A systemic triangular relation between achievement, mental effort, and instructional efficiency, established by each group and gender, emphasised that the application of [SSynQs] was more suited to female students than for male students because of [SSynQs] characteristics as teaching and learning tools and because of learning style and ability differences between genders. [Author abstract]