Establishment of the ash whitefly parasitoid Encarsia inaron (Walker) and its economic benefit to ornamental street trees in California

The ash whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae), invaded and rapidly spread throughout California beginning sometime before August 18, 1988 when it was first detected. The ash whitefly's previous distribution was limited to Europe, the Middle East, and north Africa, wh...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Biological control 1996-04, Vol.6 (2)
Main Authors: Pickett, C.H. (California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA.), Ball, J.C, Casanave, K.C, Klonsky, K.M, Jetter, K.M, Bezark, L.G, Schoenig, S.E
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
AESTHETIC VALUE
ALEYRODIDAE
ANALISIS DE COSTOS Y BENEFICIOS
ANALYSE COUT AVANTAGE
ARBOLES CALLEJEROS
ARBRE DE RUE
AUXILIAIRE DE LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ORGANISMS
CALIFORNIA
CALIFORNIE
CONTROL BIOLOGICO
CONTROL PROGRAMS
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS
DENSIDAD DE LA POBLACION
DENSITE DE POPULATION
ENCARSIA
INSECTE NUISIBLE
INSECTOS DANINOS
LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE
ORGANISMOS PARA CONTROL BIOLOGICO
ORNAMENTAL WOODY PLANTS
PARASITE
PARASITES
PARASITISM
PARASITISME
PARASITISMO
PARASITOID AUGMENTATION
PARASITOIDE
PARASITOIDES
PARASITOIDS
PARASITOS
PEST INSECTS
PLANTAS LENOSAS ORNAMENTALES
PLANTE ORNEMENTALE LIGNEUSE
POPULATION DENSITY
SIPHONINUS PHILLYREAE
STREET TREES
SUPERPARASITISM
VALEUR ESTHETIQUE
VALOR ESTETICO
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Description
Summary:The ash whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae), invaded and rapidly spread throughout California beginning sometime before August 18, 1988 when it was first detected. The ash whitefly's previous distribution was limited to Europe, the Middle East, and north Africa, where it feeds primarily on trees and woody shrubs. In 1989, outbreak populations of the ash whitefly occurred in several major urban centers in California, defoliating ornamental trees commonly planted by local governments and homeowners. Outdoor activities by home-owners also were curtailed by the high number of adult whiteflies in the air that posed a respiratory health threat. Within 8 years of the whitefly's invasion of California, Encarsia inaron (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), was imported, mass reared, and released in 43 of 46 affected counties. The summer infestation density of the ash whitefly before releases of E. inaron averaged 8 to 21 individuals/cm2 leaf. Within 2 years of E. inaron releases, the infestation density of the ash whitefly averaged 0.32 to 2.18 individuals/cm2 leaf. The decrease in the ash whitefly density resulted from the rapid spread and establishment of E. inaron. Parasitized ash whitefly, 1 year after E. inaron releases, averaged between 63 and 97% throughout the summer. Based on the economic value of preserving healthy ornamental/evergreen pear and ash trees, the ash whitefly biocontrol effort provided $219,822,823 and $298,803,970 in esthetic benefits to California in wholesale and retail replacement values, respectively. For every dollar spent by the State Biological Control Program and the University of California, approximately $181 in wholesale and $245 in retail esthetic value for the primary hosts of the ash whitefly were preserved
ISSN:1049-9644
1090-2112
DOI:10.1006/bcon.1996.0033