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Chromosome doubling of grasses: an alternative to plant breeding/Duplicacao cromossomica de gramineas forrageiras: uma alternativa para programas de melhoramento genetico

The artificial obtaining of duplicate genotypes aims to maximize forage characteristics of agronomic interest, such as nutritional value and forage production, resistance against pests and diseases, abiotic stress tolerance and fertility restoration in sterile hybrids. It also aims to obtain genetic...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Ciência rural 2012-07, Vol.42 (7), p.1278
Main Authors: Pereira, Roselaine Cristina, Davide, Lisete Chamma, Techio, Vania Helena, Timbo, Ana Luiza Oliveira
Format: Article
Language:Spanish
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Summary:The artificial obtaining of duplicate genotypes aims to maximize forage characteristics of agronomic interest, such as nutritional value and forage production, resistance against pests and diseases, abiotic stress tolerance and fertility restoration in sterile hybrids. It also aims to obtain genetic variability in apomictic species through chromosome doubling of the sexual accesses by equaling the ploidy in order to allow crossings and the obtaining of fertile descendents. The polyploidy induction is made using antimitotic substances, and colchicine is the most widely used in forage. However, due to its toxicity, other substances such as herbicides and caffeine has been used successfully for grasses. The efficiency in obtaining the polyploidy artificially depends on various exogenous factors, such as the antimitotic substances used, the kind of explants, the time and the exposure conditions and the antimitotic concentrations. This review aims to present the main methods used to induce polyploidy in grasses and the progress obtained in genetic breeding by the use of artificially duplicate genotypes. Key words: polyploidization, antimitotic substances, colchicine, herbicide, caffeine, explants. A obtencao artificial de genotipos com duplicacao cromossomica em forrageiras busca maximizar caracteristicas de interesse agronomico, como valor nutricional e producao de forragem, resistencia a pragas e doencas, tolerancia a estresses abioticos e restauracao da fertilidade de hibridos estEreis. Outro objetivo da duplicacao cromossomica E a geracao de variabilidade genEtica em espEcies apomiticas, por meio da duplicacao cromossomica de acessos sexuais igualando a ploidia de modo a permitir a realizacao de cruzamentos e a obtencao de descendentes fErteis. A inducao de poliploidia E feita utilizando substancias antimitoticas, sendo a colchicina a mais amplamente usada em plantas forrageiras. Entretanto, devido a sua toxicidade, outras substancias como herbicidas e cafeina vem sendo empregadas com sucesso em gramineas. A eficacia na obtencao de poliploides artificialmente depende de uma sErie de fatores exogenos, tais como as substancias antimitoticas utilizadas, o tipo de explante, o tempo e as condicoes de exposicao e as concentracoes dos antimitoticos. Esta revisao tem por objetivo apresentar os principais mEtodos usados para inducao de poliploidia em gramineas forrageiras e os avancos obtidos no melhoramento genEtico, a partir do uso de genotipos poliploidizados. Pa
ISSN:0103-8478