Where is the glass transition temperature of poly(tetrafluoroethylene)? A new approach by dynamic rheometry and mechanical tests

• Published in: European polymer journal 2013-08, Vol.49 (8), p.2214-2222
• Main Authors: Calleja, Gérard, Jourdan, Alex, Ameduri, Bruno, Habas, Jean-Pierre
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Annealing; Applied sciences; Chemical Sciences; Crystallites; Dynamic mechanical measurements; Dynamics; Exact sciences and technology; Glass transition temperature; Mechanical measurement; Mobile amorphous fraction; Organic polymers; Physicochemistry of polymers; Polymers; Polytetrafluoroethylenes; Properties and characterization; PTFE; Recrystallization; Reduction; Relaxation; Segments; Tensile tests; Thermal and thermodynamic properties
• ISSN: 0014-3057; 1873-1945
• DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.04.028

[Display omitted] •PTFE amorphous phase should be considered as comprised of two distinct regions.•The mobile amorphous fraction is specific of chains that relax at low temperature.•The RAF corresponds to the macromolecular segments close to crystalline domains.•Dynamic mechanical and tensile tests show that PTFE’s Tg is located at ca. −103°C. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been used for many years in different application fields due to its outstanding chemical and physical properties. But, the value of its glass transition temperature is still today a matter of controversy and very different values are proposed in the literature. This paper proposes to answer to this scientific question using dynamic mechanical measurements. First, the viscoelastic properties of PTFE are described on a large temperature range and the influence of the shearing frequency is carefully investigated. Then, the effects produced by the polymer annealing on its thermomechanical behavior are detailed. This study comforts the idea that PTFE amorphous phase should be considered as comprised of two distinct regions. The first one named “mobile amorphous fraction” (MAF) is able to relax at low temperature (T=−103°C). The other one is specific of the macromolecular segments present at the boundaries between crystalline and amorphous domains. Due to the close vicinity of the crystallites, these macromolecular segments present a more restricted mobility. The corresponding phase is designated as the “rigid amorphous fraction” (RAF) and its mechanical relaxation produces itself at higher temperature (T=116°C). Actually, this latter value is strongly dependent on the material crystallinity degree. In particular, it is shifted to higher temperature after occurrence of a recrystallization that is accompanied by a further reduction of the RAF’s dynamic. Instead, the characteristics of the MAF relaxation are poorly affected. Tensile tests also support that the “real” Tg of the polymer is located at low temperature. All these results have been compared to those of the literature to propose a real scientific discussion and to understand the origin of somewhat contradictory interpretations.