Convex Hulls of Random Order Types

• Published in: Journal of the ACM 2023-02, Vol.70 (1), p.1-47, Article 8
• Main Authors: Goaoc, Xavier, Welzl, Emo
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Combinatorics; Computational Geometry; Computer Science; Convexity; Extreme values; Mathematics; Normal distribution; Randomness, geometry and discrete structures; Subgroups; Theory of computation; Variance
• ISSN: 0004-5411; 1557-735X
• DOI: 10.1145/3570636

We establish the following two main results on order types of points in general position in the plane (realizable simple planar order types, realizable uniform acyclic oriented matroids of rank 3): (a)The number of extreme points in an n-point order type, chosen uniformly at random from all such order types, is on average 4+o(1). For labeled order types, this number has average \(4- \mbox{$\frac{8}{n^2 - n +2}$}\) and variance at most 3.(b)The (labeled) order types read off a set of n points sampled independently from the uniform measure on a convex planar domain, smooth or polygonal, or from a Gaussian distribution are concentrated, i.e., such sampling typically encounters only a vanishingly small fraction of all order types of the given size. Result (a) generalizes to arbitrary dimension d for labeled order types with the average number of extreme points 2d+o (1) and constant variance. We also discuss to what extent our methods generalize to the abstract setting of uniform acyclic oriented matroids. Moreover, our methods show the following relative of the Erdős-Szekeres theorem: for any fixed k, as n → ∞, a proportion 1 - O(1/n) of the n-point simple order types contain a triangle enclosing a convex k-chain over an edge.For the unlabeled case in (a), we prove that for any antipodal, finite subset of the two-dimensional sphere, the group of orientation preserving bijections is cyclic, dihedral, or one of A4, S4, or A5 (and each case is possible). These are the finite subgroups of SO(3) and our proof follows the lines of their characterization by Felix Klein.