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Toward Exercise Guidelines for Optimizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression
Background Exercise training performed at maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) is an efficient non-pharmacological approach for the management of obesity and its related cardio-metabolic disorders. Objectives Therefore, this work aimed to provide exercise intensity guidelines and training volume recommend...
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| Published in: | Sports medicine (Auckland) 2023-12, Vol.53 (12), p.2399-2416 |
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| creator | Chávez-Guevara, Isaac A. Amaro-Gahete, Francisco J. Ramos-Jiménez, Arnulfo Brun, Jean Frederic |
| description | Background
Exercise training performed at maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) is an efficient non-pharmacological approach for the management of obesity and its related cardio-metabolic disorders.
Objectives
Therefore, this work aimed to provide exercise intensity guidelines and training volume recommendations for maximizing fat oxidation in patients with obesity.
Methods
A systematic review of original articles published in English, Spanish or French languages was carried out in EBSCOhost, PubMed and Scopus by strictly following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Those studies that analyzed maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and FATmax in patients with obesity (body fat > 25% for men; > 35% for women) by calculating substrate oxidation rates through indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test with short-duration stages ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40279-023-01897-y |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_hal_p</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_hal_primary_oai_HAL_hal_04182207v1</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2898838537</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c430t-c096fe3926288c18acf524172e5131aba8185580d6595a8431054f36b1ee25f03</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kU9P3DAQxa2KSl1ov0BPlrjQQ2DGjhOH24r_0lYrAT1b3mQCRtlkaydA4MvjbSoq9cBppKffe5qZx9h3hEMEyI9CCiIvEhAyAdRFnoyf2AwxSgKk2mEzQBQJZqn4wnZDeAAApVMxY6-33ZP1FT97Jl-6QPxicBU1rqXA687z5aZ3a_fi2jt-bnu-fHaV7V3X8tPBb8V3n2v5ckXB9eMxn_ObMfS0jmTJr-nR0RO3bcV_Um-Ta7rzFELM-Mo-17YJ9O3v3GO_zs9uTy6TxfLi6mS-SMpUQp-UUGQ1yUJkQusStS1rJVLMBSmUaFdWo1ZKQ5WpQlmdSgSV1jJbIZFQNcg99mPKvbeN2Xi3tn40nXXmcr4wWw1S1EJA_oiRPZjYje9-DxR6s3ahpKaxLXVDMEIr1JkGJSO6_x_60A2-jZdEqtBaaiXzSImJKn0Xgqf6fQMEs-3OTN2Z2J35050Zo0lOprDZfpn8v-gPXG8Dl5t3</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2898838537</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Toward Exercise Guidelines for Optimizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression</title><source>Springer Link</source><creator>Chávez-Guevara, Isaac A. ; Amaro-Gahete, Francisco J. ; Ramos-Jiménez, Arnulfo ; Brun, Jean Frederic</creator><creatorcontrib>Chávez-Guevara, Isaac A. ; Amaro-Gahete, Francisco J. ; Ramos-Jiménez, Arnulfo ; Brun, Jean Frederic</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Exercise training performed at maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) is an efficient non-pharmacological approach for the management of obesity and its related cardio-metabolic disorders.
Objectives
Therefore, this work aimed to provide exercise intensity guidelines and training volume recommendations for maximizing fat oxidation in patients with obesity.
Methods
A systematic review of original articles published in English, Spanish or French languages was carried out in EBSCOhost, PubMed and Scopus by strictly following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Those studies that analyzed maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and FATmax in patients with obesity (body fat > 25% for men; > 35% for women) by calculating substrate oxidation rates through indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test with short-duration stages (< 10 min) were selected for quantitative analysis. The accuracy of relative oxygen uptake (% peak oxygen uptake [%
V
˙
O
2peak
]) and relative heart rate (% peak heart rate [%HR
peak
]) for establishing FATmax reference values was investigated by analyzing their intra-individual and inter-study variation. Moreover, cluster analysis and meta-regression were used for determining the influence of biological factors and methodological procedures on MFO and FATmax.
Results
Sixty-four manuscripts were selected from 146 records; 23 studies only recruited men (
n
= 465), 14 studies only evaluated women (
n
= 575), and 27 studies included individuals from both sexes (
n
= 6434). The majority of the evaluated subjects were middle-aged adults (aged 40–60 y; 84%) with a poor cardiorespiratory fitness (≤ 43 mL·kg
−1
·min
−1
; 81%), and the reported MFO ranged from 0.27 to 0.33 g·min
−1
. The relative heart rate at FATmax (coefficient of variation [CV]: 8.8%) showed a lower intra-individual variation compared with relative oxygen uptake (CV: 17.2%). Furthermore, blood lactate levels at FATmax ranged from 1.3 to 2.7 mmol·L
−1
while the speed and power output at FATmax fluctuated from 4 to 5.1 km·h
−1
and 42.8–60.2 watts, respectively. Age, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, FATmax, the type of ergometer and the stoichiometric equation used to calculate the MFO independently explained MFO values (
R
2
= 0.85;
p
< 0.01). The MFO in adolescents was superior in comparison with MFO observed in young and middle-aged adults. On the other hand, the MFO was higher during treadmill walking in comparison with stationary cycling. Body fat and MFO alone determined 29% of the variation in FATmax (
p
< 0.01), noting that individuals with body fat > 35% showed a heart rate of 61–66% HR
peak
while individuals with < 35% body fat showed a heart rate between 57 and 64% HR
peak
. Neither biological sex nor the analytical procedure for computing the fat oxidation kinetics were associated with MFO and FATmax.
Conclusion
Relative heart rate rather than relative oxygen uptake should be used for establishing FATmax reference values in patients with obesity. A heart rate of 61–66% HR
peak
should be recommended to patients with > 35% body fat while a heart rate of 57–64% HR
peak
should be recommended to patients with body fat < 35%. Moreover, training volume must be higher in adults to achieve a similar fat oxidation compared with adolescents whereas exercising on a treadmill requires a lower training volume to achieve significant fat oxidation in comparison with stationary cycling.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0112-1642</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1179-2035</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01897-y</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Adolescents ; Blood levels ; Body fat ; Body mass index ; Calorimetry ; Cardiorespiratory fitness ; Diabetes ; Endocrinology and metabolism ; Exercise intensity ; Fitness equipment ; Fitness training programs ; Heart rate ; Human health and pathology ; Life Sciences ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Metabolic disorders ; Middle age ; Obesity ; Oxidation ; Oxygen ; Physical fitness ; Physical training ; Santé publique et épidémiologie ; Sports Medicine ; Systematic Review ; Tissues and Organs ; Variation ; Womens health</subject><ispartof>Sports medicine (Auckland), 2023-12, Vol.53 (12), p.2399-2416</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Dec 2023</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c430t-c096fe3926288c18acf524172e5131aba8185580d6595a8431054f36b1ee25f03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c430t-c096fe3926288c18acf524172e5131aba8185580d6595a8431054f36b1ee25f03</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7207-9016 ; 0000-0001-9773-5043 ; 0000-0002-4347-6725</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.science/hal-04182207$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Chávez-Guevara, Isaac A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amaro-Gahete, Francisco J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramos-Jiménez, Arnulfo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brun, Jean Frederic</creatorcontrib><title>Toward Exercise Guidelines for Optimizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression</title><title>Sports medicine (Auckland)</title><addtitle>Sports Med</addtitle><description>Background
Exercise training performed at maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) is an efficient non-pharmacological approach for the management of obesity and its related cardio-metabolic disorders.
Objectives
Therefore, this work aimed to provide exercise intensity guidelines and training volume recommendations for maximizing fat oxidation in patients with obesity.
Methods
A systematic review of original articles published in English, Spanish or French languages was carried out in EBSCOhost, PubMed and Scopus by strictly following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Those studies that analyzed maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and FATmax in patients with obesity (body fat > 25% for men; > 35% for women) by calculating substrate oxidation rates through indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test with short-duration stages (< 10 min) were selected for quantitative analysis. The accuracy of relative oxygen uptake (% peak oxygen uptake [%
V
˙
O
2peak
]) and relative heart rate (% peak heart rate [%HR
peak
]) for establishing FATmax reference values was investigated by analyzing their intra-individual and inter-study variation. Moreover, cluster analysis and meta-regression were used for determining the influence of biological factors and methodological procedures on MFO and FATmax.
Results
Sixty-four manuscripts were selected from 146 records; 23 studies only recruited men (
n
= 465), 14 studies only evaluated women (
n
= 575), and 27 studies included individuals from both sexes (
n
= 6434). The majority of the evaluated subjects were middle-aged adults (aged 40–60 y; 84%) with a poor cardiorespiratory fitness (≤ 43 mL·kg
−1
·min
−1
; 81%), and the reported MFO ranged from 0.27 to 0.33 g·min
−1
. The relative heart rate at FATmax (coefficient of variation [CV]: 8.8%) showed a lower intra-individual variation compared with relative oxygen uptake (CV: 17.2%). Furthermore, blood lactate levels at FATmax ranged from 1.3 to 2.7 mmol·L
−1
while the speed and power output at FATmax fluctuated from 4 to 5.1 km·h
−1
and 42.8–60.2 watts, respectively. Age, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, FATmax, the type of ergometer and the stoichiometric equation used to calculate the MFO independently explained MFO values (
R
2
= 0.85;
p
< 0.01). The MFO in adolescents was superior in comparison with MFO observed in young and middle-aged adults. On the other hand, the MFO was higher during treadmill walking in comparison with stationary cycling. Body fat and MFO alone determined 29% of the variation in FATmax (
p
< 0.01), noting that individuals with body fat > 35% showed a heart rate of 61–66% HR
peak
while individuals with < 35% body fat showed a heart rate between 57 and 64% HR
peak
. Neither biological sex nor the analytical procedure for computing the fat oxidation kinetics were associated with MFO and FATmax.
Conclusion
Relative heart rate rather than relative oxygen uptake should be used for establishing FATmax reference values in patients with obesity. A heart rate of 61–66% HR
peak
should be recommended to patients with > 35% body fat while a heart rate of 57–64% HR
peak
should be recommended to patients with body fat < 35%. Moreover, training volume must be higher in adults to achieve a similar fat oxidation compared with adolescents whereas exercising on a treadmill requires a lower training volume to achieve significant fat oxidation in comparison with stationary cycling.</description><subject>Adolescents</subject><subject>Blood levels</subject><subject>Body fat</subject><subject>Body mass index</subject><subject>Calorimetry</subject><subject>Cardiorespiratory fitness</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Endocrinology and metabolism</subject><subject>Exercise intensity</subject><subject>Fitness equipment</subject><subject>Fitness training programs</subject><subject>Heart rate</subject><subject>Human health and pathology</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Metabolic disorders</subject><subject>Middle age</subject><subject>Obesity</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>Oxygen</subject><subject>Physical fitness</subject><subject>Physical training</subject><subject>Santé publique et épidémiologie</subject><subject>Sports Medicine</subject><subject>Systematic Review</subject><subject>Tissues and Organs</subject><subject>Variation</subject><subject>Womens health</subject><issn>0112-1642</issn><issn>1179-2035</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kU9P3DAQxa2KSl1ov0BPlrjQQ2DGjhOH24r_0lYrAT1b3mQCRtlkaydA4MvjbSoq9cBppKffe5qZx9h3hEMEyI9CCiIvEhAyAdRFnoyf2AwxSgKk2mEzQBQJZqn4wnZDeAAApVMxY6-33ZP1FT97Jl-6QPxicBU1rqXA687z5aZ3a_fi2jt-bnu-fHaV7V3X8tPBb8V3n2v5ckXB9eMxn_ObMfS0jmTJr-nR0RO3bcV_Um-Ta7rzFELM-Mo-17YJ9O3v3GO_zs9uTy6TxfLi6mS-SMpUQp-UUGQ1yUJkQusStS1rJVLMBSmUaFdWo1ZKQ5WpQlmdSgSV1jJbIZFQNcg99mPKvbeN2Xi3tn40nXXmcr4wWw1S1EJA_oiRPZjYje9-DxR6s3ahpKaxLXVDMEIr1JkGJSO6_x_60A2-jZdEqtBaaiXzSImJKn0Xgqf6fQMEs-3OTN2Z2J35050Zo0lOprDZfpn8v-gPXG8Dl5t3</recordid><startdate>20231201</startdate><enddate>20231201</enddate><creator>Chávez-Guevara, Isaac A.</creator><creator>Amaro-Gahete, Francisco J.</creator><creator>Ramos-Jiménez, Arnulfo</creator><creator>Brun, Jean Frederic</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><general>Springer Verlag</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7207-9016</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9773-5043</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4347-6725</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20231201</creationdate><title>Toward Exercise Guidelines for Optimizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression</title><author>Chávez-Guevara, Isaac A. ; Amaro-Gahete, Francisco J. ; Ramos-Jiménez, Arnulfo ; Brun, Jean Frederic</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c430t-c096fe3926288c18acf524172e5131aba8185580d6595a8431054f36b1ee25f03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Adolescents</topic><topic>Blood levels</topic><topic>Body fat</topic><topic>Body mass index</topic><topic>Calorimetry</topic><topic>Cardiorespiratory fitness</topic><topic>Diabetes</topic><topic>Endocrinology and metabolism</topic><topic>Exercise intensity</topic><topic>Fitness equipment</topic><topic>Fitness training programs</topic><topic>Heart rate</topic><topic>Human health and pathology</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Metabolic disorders</topic><topic>Middle age</topic><topic>Obesity</topic><topic>Oxidation</topic><topic>Oxygen</topic><topic>Physical fitness</topic><topic>Physical training</topic><topic>Santé publique et épidémiologie</topic><topic>Sports Medicine</topic><topic>Systematic Review</topic><topic>Tissues and Organs</topic><topic>Variation</topic><topic>Womens health</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Chávez-Guevara, Isaac A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Amaro-Gahete, Francisco J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramos-Jiménez, Arnulfo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brun, Jean Frederic</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Complete (ProQuest Database)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)</collection><jtitle>Sports medicine (Auckland)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Chávez-Guevara, Isaac A.</au><au>Amaro-Gahete, Francisco J.</au><au>Ramos-Jiménez, Arnulfo</au><au>Brun, Jean Frederic</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Toward Exercise Guidelines for Optimizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression</atitle><jtitle>Sports medicine (Auckland)</jtitle><stitle>Sports Med</stitle><date>2023-12-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>53</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>2399</spage><epage>2416</epage><pages>2399-2416</pages><issn>0112-1642</issn><eissn>1179-2035</eissn><abstract>Background
Exercise training performed at maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) is an efficient non-pharmacological approach for the management of obesity and its related cardio-metabolic disorders.
Objectives
Therefore, this work aimed to provide exercise intensity guidelines and training volume recommendations for maximizing fat oxidation in patients with obesity.
Methods
A systematic review of original articles published in English, Spanish or French languages was carried out in EBSCOhost, PubMed and Scopus by strictly following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Those studies that analyzed maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and FATmax in patients with obesity (body fat > 25% for men; > 35% for women) by calculating substrate oxidation rates through indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test with short-duration stages (< 10 min) were selected for quantitative analysis. The accuracy of relative oxygen uptake (% peak oxygen uptake [%
V
˙
O
2peak
]) and relative heart rate (% peak heart rate [%HR
peak
]) for establishing FATmax reference values was investigated by analyzing their intra-individual and inter-study variation. Moreover, cluster analysis and meta-regression were used for determining the influence of biological factors and methodological procedures on MFO and FATmax.
Results
Sixty-four manuscripts were selected from 146 records; 23 studies only recruited men (
n
= 465), 14 studies only evaluated women (
n
= 575), and 27 studies included individuals from both sexes (
n
= 6434). The majority of the evaluated subjects were middle-aged adults (aged 40–60 y; 84%) with a poor cardiorespiratory fitness (≤ 43 mL·kg
−1
·min
−1
; 81%), and the reported MFO ranged from 0.27 to 0.33 g·min
−1
. The relative heart rate at FATmax (coefficient of variation [CV]: 8.8%) showed a lower intra-individual variation compared with relative oxygen uptake (CV: 17.2%). Furthermore, blood lactate levels at FATmax ranged from 1.3 to 2.7 mmol·L
−1
while the speed and power output at FATmax fluctuated from 4 to 5.1 km·h
−1
and 42.8–60.2 watts, respectively. Age, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, FATmax, the type of ergometer and the stoichiometric equation used to calculate the MFO independently explained MFO values (
R
2
= 0.85;
p
< 0.01). The MFO in adolescents was superior in comparison with MFO observed in young and middle-aged adults. On the other hand, the MFO was higher during treadmill walking in comparison with stationary cycling. Body fat and MFO alone determined 29% of the variation in FATmax (
p
< 0.01), noting that individuals with body fat > 35% showed a heart rate of 61–66% HR
peak
while individuals with < 35% body fat showed a heart rate between 57 and 64% HR
peak
. Neither biological sex nor the analytical procedure for computing the fat oxidation kinetics were associated with MFO and FATmax.
Conclusion
Relative heart rate rather than relative oxygen uptake should be used for establishing FATmax reference values in patients with obesity. A heart rate of 61–66% HR
peak
should be recommended to patients with > 35% body fat while a heart rate of 57–64% HR
peak
should be recommended to patients with body fat < 35%. Moreover, training volume must be higher in adults to achieve a similar fat oxidation compared with adolescents whereas exercising on a treadmill requires a lower training volume to achieve significant fat oxidation in comparison with stationary cycling.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><doi>10.1007/s40279-023-01897-y</doi><tpages>18</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7207-9016</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9773-5043</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4347-6725</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0112-1642 |
| ispartof | Sports medicine (Auckland), 2023-12, Vol.53 (12), p.2399-2416 |
| issn | 0112-1642 1179-2035 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_hal_primary_oai_HAL_hal_04182207v1 |
| source | Springer Link |
| subjects | Adolescents Blood levels Body fat Body mass index Calorimetry Cardiorespiratory fitness Diabetes Endocrinology and metabolism Exercise intensity Fitness equipment Fitness training programs Heart rate Human health and pathology Life Sciences Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metabolic disorders Middle age Obesity Oxidation Oxygen Physical fitness Physical training Santé publique et épidémiologie Sports Medicine Systematic Review Tissues and Organs Variation Womens health |
| title | Toward Exercise Guidelines for Optimizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression |
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