A JWST inventory of protoplanetary disk ices: The edge-on protoplanetary disk HH 48 NE, seen with the Ice Age ERS program

• Published in: Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin) 2023-11, Vol.679, p.A138
• Main Authors: Sturm, J. A., McClure, M. K., Beck, T. L., Harsono, D., Bergner, J. B., Dartois, E., Boogert, A. C. A., Chiar, J. E., Cordiner, M. A., Drozdovskaya, M. N., Ioppolo, S., Law, C. J., Linnartz, H., Lis, D. C., Melnick, G. J., McGuire, B. A., Noble, J. A., Öberg, K. I., Palumbo, M. E., Pendleton, Y. J., Perotti, G., Pontoppidan, K. M., Qasim, D., Rocha, W. R. M., Terada, H., Urso, R. G., van Dishoeck, E. F.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Astrophysics; Earth and Planetary Astrophysics; Sciences of the Universe
• ISSN: 0004-6361; 1432-0746; 1432-0756
• DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202347512

Ices are the main carriers of volatiles in protoplanetary disks and are crucial to our understanding of the protoplanetary disk chemistry that ultimately sets the organic composition of planets. The Director’s Discretionary-Early Release Science (DD-ERS) program Ice Age on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) follows the ice evolution through all stages of star and planet formation. JWST’s exquisite sensitivity and angular resolution uniquely enable detailed and spatially resolved inventories of ices in protoplanetary disks. JWST/NIRSpec observations of the edge-on Class II protoplanetary disk HH 48 NE reveal spatially resolved absorption features of the major ice components H 2 O, CO 2 , and CO, and multiple weaker signatures from less abundant ices NH 3 , OCN − , and OCS. Isotopologue 13 CO 2 ice has been detected for the first time in a protoplanetary disk. Since multiple complex light paths contribute to the observed flux, the ice absorption features are filled in by ice-free scattered light. This implies that observed optical depths should be interpreted as lower limits to the total ice column in the disk and that abundance ratios cannot be determined directly from the spectrum. The 12 CO 2 / 13 CO 2 integrated absorption ratio of 14 implies that the 12 CO 2 feature is saturated, without the flux approaching zero, indicative of a very high CO 2 column density on the line of sight, and a corresponding abundance with respect to hydrogen that is higher than interstellar medium values by a factor of at least a few. Observations of rare isotopologues are crucial, as we show that the 13 CO 2 observation allowed us to determine the column density of CO 2 to be at least 1.6 × 10 18 cm −2 , which is more than an order of magnitude higher than the lower limit directly inferred from the observed optical depth. Spatial variations in the depth of the strong ice features are smaller than a factor of two. Radial variations in ice abundance, for example snowlines, are significantly modified since all observed photons have passed through the full radial extent of the disk. CO ice is observed at perplexing heights in the disk, extending to the top of the CO-emitting gas layer. Although poorly understood radiative transfer effects could contribute to this, we argue that the most likely interpretation is that we observed some CO ice at high temperatures, trapped in less volatile ices such as H 2 O and CO 2 . Future radiative transfer models will be required to constrain