A Versatile Virus‐Mimetic Engineering Approach for Concurrent Protein Nanocage Surface‐Functionalization and Cargo Encapsulation

• Published in: Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) Germany), 2024-08, Vol.20 (31), p.e2310913-n/a
• Main Authors: Sheng, Yujie, Chen, Zilong, Cherrier, Mickael V, Martin, Lydie, Bui, Tam T. T., Li, Wei, Lynham, Steven, Nicolet, Yvain, Ebrahimi, Kourosh H.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biocompatibility; Biomedical engineering; Biomimetic Materials - chemistry; Biomimetics - methods; Cleavage; Drug delivery systems; Drug Delivery Systems - methods; drug encapsulation; Encapsulation; Engineering; Ferritin; Ferritins - chemistry; HIV-1; Humans; Hydrophilicity; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Hydrophobicity; Life Sciences; mosaic nanocage; Nanostructures - chemistry; PINC; precursor of nanocages; Precursors; Protease; protein nanocages; Proteins; Self-assembly; Surface Properties; Vaccines
• ISSN: 1613-6810; 1613-6829; 1613-6829
• DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310913

Naturally occurring protein nanocages like ferritin are self‐assembled from multiple subunits. Because of their unique cage‐like structure and biocompatibility, there is a growing interest in their biomedical use. A multipurpose and straightforward engineering approach does not exist for using nanocages to make drug‐delivery systems by encapsulating hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs and developing vaccines by surface functionalization with a protein like an antigen. Here, a versatile engineering approach is described by mimicking the HIV‐1 Gap polyprotein precursor. Various PREcursors of nanoCages (PREC) are designed and created by linking two ferritin subunits via a flexible linker peptide containing a protease cleavage site. These precursors can have additional proteins at their N‐terminus, and their protease cleavage generates ferritin‐like nanocages named protease‐induced nanocages (PINCs). It is demonstrated that PINC formation allows concurrent surface decoration with a protein and hydrophilic or hydrophobic drug encapsulation up to fourfold more than the amount achieved using other methods. The PINCs/Drug complex is stable and efficiently kills cancer cells. This work provides insight into the precursors’ design rules and the mechanism of PINCs formation. The engineering approach and mechanistic insight described here will facilitate nanocages’ applications in drug delivery or as a platform for making multifunctional therapeutics like mosaic vaccines. The HIV‐1 Gag polypeptide precursors are mimicked to create precursors of nanocages (PRECs). It is shown that in the presence of a protease, the precursors are cleaved to form subunits that are spontaneously self‐assembled to generate PINCs (Protein‐induced nanocages). The PINC formation is used to encapsulate a cargo and concurrently decorate the nanocages’ surface with a protein.