Classifying Gait Alterations Using an Instrumented Smart Sock and Deep Learning

• Published in: IEEE sensors journal 2022-12, Vol.22 (23), p.23232-23242
• Main Authors: Lugoda, Pasindu, Hayes, Stephen Clive, Hughes-Riley, Theodore, Turner, Alexander, Martins, Mariana V., Cook, Ashley, Raval, Kaivalya, Oliveira, Carlos, Breedon, Philip, Dias, Tilak
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Accelerometers; Biomedical equipment; Biomedical monitoring; Classification; Deep learning; Disorders; electronic textiles (E-textiles); Feet; Foot; Gait; gait monitoring; Heels; Instruments; long short-term memory (LSTM); Machine learning; Monitoring; Movement disorders; Neural networks; Rehabilitation; Remote observing; Sensors; smart textiles; wearable sensors; Yarn; Yarns
• ISSN: 1530-437X; 1558-1748
• DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2022.3216459

This article presents a noninvasive method of classifying gait patterns associated with various movement disorders and/or neurological conditions, utilizing unobtrusive, instrumented socks and a deep-learning network. Seamless instrumented socks were fabricated using three accelerometer-embedded yarns, positioned at the toe (hallux), above the heel, and on the lateral malleolus. Human trials were conducted on 12 able-bodied participants, an instrumented sock was worn on each foot. Participants were asked to complete seven trials consisting of their typical gait and six different gait types that mimicked the typical movement patterns associated with various movement disorders and neurological conditions. Four neural networks and an SVM were tested to ascertain the most effective method of automatic data classification. The bi-long short-term memory (LSTM) generated the most accurate results and illustrates that the use of three accelerometers per foot increased classification accuracy compared to a single accelerometer per foot by 11.4%. When only a single accelerometer was utilized for classification, the ankle accelerometer generated the most accurate results in comparison to the other two. The network was able to correctly classify five different gait types: stomp (100%), shuffle (66.8%), diplegic (66.6%), hemiplegic (66.6%), and "normal walking" (58.0%). The network was incapable of correctly differentiating foot slap (21.2%) and steppage gait (4.8%). This work demonstrates that instrumented textile socks incorporating three accelerometer yarns were capable of generating sufficient data to allow a neural network to distinguish between specific gait patterns. This may enable clinicians and therapists to remotely classify gait alterations and observe changes in gait during rehabilitation.