A disordered rock salt anode for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries

• Published in: Nature (London) 2020-09, Vol.585 (7823), p.63-67
• Main Authors: Liu, Haodong, Zhu, Zhuoying, Yan, Qizhang, Yu, Sicen, He, Xin, Chen, Yan, Zhang, Rui, Ma, Lu, Liu, Tongchao, Li, Matthew, Lin, Ruoqian, Chen, Yiming, Li, Yejing, Xing, Xing, Choi, Yoonjung, Gao, Lucy, Cho, Helen Sung-yun, An, Ke, Feng, Jun, Kostecki, Robert, Amine, Khalil, Wu, Tianpin, Lu, Jun, Xin, Huolin L., Ong, Shyue Ping, Liu, Ping
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 639/301/299/891; 639/4077/4079/891; 639/638/675; Anodes; Batteries; Charging; Decay rate; Dendritic structure; Discharge; Electrodes; Energy; ENERGY STORAGE; Flux density; Fourier transforms; Halites; Humanities and Social Sciences; Intercalation; Lithium; Lithium-ion batteries; lithium-ion battery; Low voltage; MATERIALS SCIENCE; Metal oxides; multidisciplinary; Rechargeable batteries; Rocks; Safety; Salt; Salts; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Voltage
• ISSN: 0028-0836; 1476-4687
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2637-6

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries with high energy density that can be safely charged and discharged at high rates are desirable for electrified transportation and other applications 1 – 3 . However, the sub-optimal intercalation potentials of current anodes result in a trade-off between energy density, power and safety. Here we report that disordered rock salt 4 , 5 Li 3+ x V 2 O 5 can be used as a fast-charging anode that can reversibly cycle two lithium ions at an average voltage of about 0.6 volts versus a Li/Li + reference electrode. The increased potential compared to graphite 6 , 7 reduces the likelihood of lithium metal plating if proper charging controls are used, alleviating a major safety concern (short-circuiting related to Li dendrite growth). In addition, a lithium-ion battery with a disordered rock salt Li 3 V 2 O 5 anode yields a cell voltage much higher than does a battery using a commercial fast-charging lithium titanate anode or other intercalation anode candidates (Li 3 VO 4 and LiV 0.5 Ti 0.5 S 2 ) 8 , 9 . Further, disordered rock salt Li 3 V 2 O 5 can perform over 1,000 charge–discharge cycles with negligible capacity decay and exhibits exceptional rate capability, delivering over 40 per cent of its capacity in 20 seconds. We attribute the low voltage and high rate capability of disordered rock salt Li 3 V 2 O 5 to a redistributive lithium intercalation mechanism with low energy barriers revealed via ab initio calculations. This low-potential, high-rate intercalation reaction can be used to identify other metal oxide anodes for fast-charging, long-life lithium-ion batteries. A vanadium-based lithium-rich disordered rock salt oxide is shown to work as a low-potential anode with rapid intercalation kinetics for lithium-ion batteries.