Development of metallic nuclear material purification process via simultaneous chlorination and volatilization

• Published in: Journal of nuclear materials 2021-01, Vol.543 (C), p.152626, Article 152626
• Main Authors: Okabe, Parker, Rappleye, Devin, Newton, Matthew, Simpson, Michael F.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Actinide separation; Aluminum; Cerium; Chlorides; Chlorination; Contaminants; Contamination; Conversion; Decontamination; Error analysis; Gallium; Gas flow; Gas streams; Heavy metals; Hydrides; Impurities; Iron; Metals; Oxygen; Pollutant removal; Purification; Uranium; Vapor pressure; Volatilization
• ISSN: 0022-3115; 1873-4820
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152626

A purification process involving simultaneous chlorination and volatilization is reported using aluminum, iron, gallium, and uranium separation from cerium metal as the demonstration system. Anhydrous Cl2 gas was reacted with the metal after it had been converted to small particles of hydride at temperatures ranging from 523 to 973 K. Each of the impurities should form chlorides with relatively high saturated vapor pressures. The objective of the process was to volatilize these chlorides after first achieving near-complete conversion of the metals to hydride and then chlorides. Complete conversion of hydrides to chlorides could not be achieved using relatively low-grade (99.5%) Cl2. High decontamination factors for all of the metal impurities required near complete conversion to chloride. It was concluded that oxygen contamination of the feed gas stream likely limits the conversion to chlorides by forming oxides instead, which then limits the volatilization of contaminants. Uranium was particularly challenging to remove in experiments suspected of having high oxygen contamination in the feed gas stream. After switching to ultra-high purity (99.999%) Cl2, complete conversion to chlorides within the measurement error was possible for the entire temperature range studied. Decontamination factors for aluminum, iron, gallium, and uranium were found to have average values of 1.9, 9.8, 14, and 5, respectively, at 973 K. While the process was most extensively studied using a once-through gas flow, recycling unreacted Cl2 gas succeeded at minimizing waste while still maintaining complete conversion and similar decontamination factors.