Loading…
Effects of Great Lakes Fish Consumption on Brain PCB Pattern, Concentration, and Progressive-Ratio Performance
This study investigated the effects of consumption of Great Lakes fish on progressive ratio performance, and on the pattern and concentrations of brain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE), and mirex in the rat. Adult, male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a 30% diet of...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Environmental research 2000-01, Vol.82 (1), p.18-32 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Subjects: | |
| Citations: | Items that this one cites Items that cite this one |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| cited_by | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-ac0a9673ca643588f2fab1646c9348a948529f5f487807616b686cf5d052b1e33 |
|---|---|
| cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-ac0a9673ca643588f2fab1646c9348a948529f5f487807616b686cf5d052b1e33 |
| container_end_page | 32 |
| container_issue | 1 |
| container_start_page | 18 |
| container_title | Environmental research |
| container_volume | 82 |
| creator | Stewart, Paul Pagano, James Sargent, David Darvill, Thomas Lonky, Edward Reihman, Jacqueline |
| description | This study investigated the effects of consumption of Great Lakes fish on progressive ratio performance, and on the pattern and concentrations of brain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE), and mirex in the rat. Adult, male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a 30% diet of either Lake Ontario salmon (LAKE), Pacific Ocean salmon, or lab chow control for 20 or 65 days. Following the treatment regimen, half the rats from each group were sacrificed immediately for gas chromatographic analysis of organochlorine contaminants, and the other half were tested on a multiple fixed-ratio–progressive–ratio reinforcement schedule and then sacrificed for analysis. Consumption of Lake Ontario fish resulted in significantly higher levels of brain PCBs, DDE, and mirex relative to controls, but still well within human exposure ranges ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1006/enrs.1999.4005 |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_osti_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_osti_scitechconnect_20026669</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S0013935199940057</els_id><sourcerecordid>16135424</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-ac0a9673ca643588f2fab1646c9348a948529f5f487807616b686cf5d052b1e33</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqF0d-LVCEUB3CJop22XnsMoehp76TXH_f62A67WzDQEPUsjvfYWnN1Umeh_z7lDtRLBIIoHw-e80XoJSVrSoh8ByHlNVVKrTkh4hFaUaJkR5Rgj9GKEMo6xQS9QM9y_l6PVDDyFF1QIoeBcrZC4cY5sCXj6PBdAlPw1vyAjG99vsebGPJpPhYfA67rOhkf8G5zjXemFEjhqgkLoSTTzBU2YcK7FL8lyNk_QPe53eMdJBfTbCp9jp44c8jw4rxfoq-3N182H7rtp7uPm_fbznKhSmcsMUoOzBrJmRhH1zuzp5JLqxgfjeKj6JUTjo_DSAZJ5V6O0joxEdHvKTB2iV4vdWMuXmfrC9h7G0OoveqekF5Kqap6u6hjij9PkIuefbZwOJgA8ZQ1lZQJ3vP_Qy4Y7yWpcL1Am2LOCZw-Jj-b9EtToltgugWmW2C6BVYfvDpXPu1nmP7iS0IVvDkDk605uFTH6PMf19f26VjZuDCoU33wkFrTUCc--dR6nqL_1xd-AzCEr58</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>14534260</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Effects of Great Lakes Fish Consumption on Brain PCB Pattern, Concentration, and Progressive-Ratio Performance</title><source>ScienceDirect Freedom Collection</source><creator>Stewart, Paul ; Pagano, James ; Sargent, David ; Darvill, Thomas ; Lonky, Edward ; Reihman, Jacqueline</creator><creatorcontrib>Stewart, Paul ; Pagano, James ; Sargent, David ; Darvill, Thomas ; Lonky, Edward ; Reihman, Jacqueline ; State Univ. of New York, Oswego, NY (US)</creatorcontrib><description>This study investigated the effects of consumption of Great Lakes fish on progressive ratio performance, and on the pattern and concentrations of brain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE), and mirex in the rat. Adult, male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a 30% diet of either Lake Ontario salmon (LAKE), Pacific Ocean salmon, or lab chow control for 20 or 65 days. Following the treatment regimen, half the rats from each group were sacrificed immediately for gas chromatographic analysis of organochlorine contaminants, and the other half were tested on a multiple fixed-ratio–progressive–ratio reinforcement schedule and then sacrificed for analysis. Consumption of Lake Ontario fish resulted in significantly higher levels of brain PCBs, DDE, and mirex relative to controls, but still well within human exposure ranges (<1 μg/g fat). Consumption of Lake Ontario fish for 20 or 65 days produced an average brain PCB concentration of 457 and 934 ng/g fat, respectively. Consumption of laboratory rat chow or Pacific Ocean salmon for 20 or 65 days produced an average brain PCB concentration of 240, 464, and 441 ng/g fat, respectively. Moreover, both LAKE-fed groups showed a much more heavily chlorinated pattern of brain PCBs than all control groups, as evidenced by both significant increases in the most heavily chlorinated PCB congeners and significant increases in the average chlorine biphenyl. All LAKE brains contained significant concentrations of DDE and mirex, whereas no control brains contained any detectable quantities. Analysis of progressive-ratio performance indicated that LAKE rats responded normally during fixed-ratio schedules but quit significantly sooner than control rats on a progressive-ratio 5 (PR5) schedule, indicating reduced persistence on progressively leaner reinforcement schedules. Analysis of brain PCBs indicated that total PCBs were most strongly related to PR5 performance. These data indicate that consumption by rats of contaminated Lake Ontario fish produces (1) increased concentrations of PCBs, DDE, and mirex in the brain, (2) a more heavily chlorinated distribution of PCBs in the brain, and (3) reduced persistence of progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules. While these behavioral changes are related to brain PCB level, more work is necessary before the effects can be directly attributed to PCBs.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-9351</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1096-0953</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1999.4005</identifier><identifier>PMID: 10677143</identifier><identifier>CODEN: ENVRAL</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Adult ; Animals ; Biological and medical sciences ; BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS ; BIOLOGICAL MODELS ; Body Weight ; BRAIN ; Brain - metabolism ; CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene - pharmacokinetics ; dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene ; Environmental Pollutants - pharmacokinetics ; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ; FOOD CHAINS ; Food toxicology ; Great Lakes fish ; Great Lakes Region ; Humans ; Insecticides - pharmacokinetics ; LAKE ONTARIO ; Male ; Medical sciences ; mirex ; Mirex - pharmacokinetics ; Oncorhynchus kisutch - metabolism ; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls - pharmacokinetics ; RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT EFFECTS ON LIVING ORGANISMS AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; SALMON ; TOXICITY ; Toxicology ; WATER POLLUTION</subject><ispartof>Environmental research, 2000-01, Vol.82 (1), p.18-32</ispartof><rights>2000 Academic Press</rights><rights>2000 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-ac0a9673ca643588f2fab1646c9348a948529f5f487807616b686cf5d052b1e33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-ac0a9673ca643588f2fab1646c9348a948529f5f487807616b686cf5d052b1e33</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,4024,27923,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=1276118$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10677143$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.osti.gov/biblio/20026669$$D View this record in Osti.gov$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Stewart, Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pagano, James</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sargent, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Darvill, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lonky, Edward</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reihman, Jacqueline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>State Univ. of New York, Oswego, NY (US)</creatorcontrib><title>Effects of Great Lakes Fish Consumption on Brain PCB Pattern, Concentration, and Progressive-Ratio Performance</title><title>Environmental research</title><addtitle>Environ Res</addtitle><description>This study investigated the effects of consumption of Great Lakes fish on progressive ratio performance, and on the pattern and concentrations of brain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE), and mirex in the rat. Adult, male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a 30% diet of either Lake Ontario salmon (LAKE), Pacific Ocean salmon, or lab chow control for 20 or 65 days. Following the treatment regimen, half the rats from each group were sacrificed immediately for gas chromatographic analysis of organochlorine contaminants, and the other half were tested on a multiple fixed-ratio–progressive–ratio reinforcement schedule and then sacrificed for analysis. Consumption of Lake Ontario fish resulted in significantly higher levels of brain PCBs, DDE, and mirex relative to controls, but still well within human exposure ranges (<1 μg/g fat). Consumption of Lake Ontario fish for 20 or 65 days produced an average brain PCB concentration of 457 and 934 ng/g fat, respectively. Consumption of laboratory rat chow or Pacific Ocean salmon for 20 or 65 days produced an average brain PCB concentration of 240, 464, and 441 ng/g fat, respectively. Moreover, both LAKE-fed groups showed a much more heavily chlorinated pattern of brain PCBs than all control groups, as evidenced by both significant increases in the most heavily chlorinated PCB congeners and significant increases in the average chlorine biphenyl. All LAKE brains contained significant concentrations of DDE and mirex, whereas no control brains contained any detectable quantities. Analysis of progressive-ratio performance indicated that LAKE rats responded normally during fixed-ratio schedules but quit significantly sooner than control rats on a progressive-ratio 5 (PR5) schedule, indicating reduced persistence on progressively leaner reinforcement schedules. Analysis of brain PCBs indicated that total PCBs were most strongly related to PR5 performance. These data indicate that consumption by rats of contaminated Lake Ontario fish produces (1) increased concentrations of PCBs, DDE, and mirex in the brain, (2) a more heavily chlorinated distribution of PCBs in the brain, and (3) reduced persistence of progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules. While these behavioral changes are related to brain PCB level, more work is necessary before the effects can be directly attributed to PCBs.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS</subject><subject>BIOLOGICAL MODELS</subject><subject>Body Weight</subject><subject>BRAIN</subject><subject>Brain - metabolism</subject><subject>CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS</subject><subject>Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene</subject><subject>Environmental Pollutants - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES</subject><subject>FOOD CHAINS</subject><subject>Food toxicology</subject><subject>Great Lakes fish</subject><subject>Great Lakes Region</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Insecticides - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>LAKE ONTARIO</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>mirex</subject><subject>Mirex - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>Oncorhynchus kisutch - metabolism</subject><subject>POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS</subject><subject>Polychlorinated Biphenyls - pharmacokinetics</subject><subject>RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT EFFECTS ON LIVING ORGANISMS AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS</subject><subject>Rats</subject><subject>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</subject><subject>SALMON</subject><subject>TOXICITY</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><subject>WATER POLLUTION</subject><issn>0013-9351</issn><issn>1096-0953</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2000</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqF0d-LVCEUB3CJop22XnsMoehp76TXH_f62A67WzDQEPUsjvfYWnN1Umeh_z7lDtRLBIIoHw-e80XoJSVrSoh8ByHlNVVKrTkh4hFaUaJkR5Rgj9GKEMo6xQS9QM9y_l6PVDDyFF1QIoeBcrZC4cY5sCXj6PBdAlPw1vyAjG99vsebGPJpPhYfA67rOhkf8G5zjXemFEjhqgkLoSTTzBU2YcK7FL8lyNk_QPe53eMdJBfTbCp9jp44c8jw4rxfoq-3N182H7rtp7uPm_fbznKhSmcsMUoOzBrJmRhH1zuzp5JLqxgfjeKj6JUTjo_DSAZJ5V6O0joxEdHvKTB2iV4vdWMuXmfrC9h7G0OoveqekF5Kqap6u6hjij9PkIuefbZwOJgA8ZQ1lZQJ3vP_Qy4Y7yWpcL1Am2LOCZw-Jj-b9EtToltgugWmW2C6BVYfvDpXPu1nmP7iS0IVvDkDk605uFTH6PMf19f26VjZuDCoU33wkFrTUCc--dR6nqL_1xd-AzCEr58</recordid><startdate>200001</startdate><enddate>200001</enddate><creator>Stewart, Paul</creator><creator>Pagano, James</creator><creator>Sargent, David</creator><creator>Darvill, Thomas</creator><creator>Lonky, Edward</creator><creator>Reihman, Jacqueline</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>OTOTI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200001</creationdate><title>Effects of Great Lakes Fish Consumption on Brain PCB Pattern, Concentration, and Progressive-Ratio Performance</title><author>Stewart, Paul ; Pagano, James ; Sargent, David ; Darvill, Thomas ; Lonky, Edward ; Reihman, Jacqueline</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-ac0a9673ca643588f2fab1646c9348a948529f5f487807616b686cf5d052b1e33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2000</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS</topic><topic>BIOLOGICAL MODELS</topic><topic>Body Weight</topic><topic>BRAIN</topic><topic>Brain - metabolism</topic><topic>CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS</topic><topic>Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene</topic><topic>Environmental Pollutants - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES</topic><topic>FOOD CHAINS</topic><topic>Food toxicology</topic><topic>Great Lakes fish</topic><topic>Great Lakes Region</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Insecticides - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>LAKE ONTARIO</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>mirex</topic><topic>Mirex - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>Oncorhynchus kisutch - metabolism</topic><topic>POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS</topic><topic>Polychlorinated Biphenyls - pharmacokinetics</topic><topic>RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT EFFECTS ON LIVING ORGANISMS AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS</topic><topic>Rats</topic><topic>Rats, Sprague-Dawley</topic><topic>SALMON</topic><topic>TOXICITY</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><topic>WATER POLLUTION</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Stewart, Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pagano, James</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sargent, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Darvill, Thomas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lonky, Edward</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reihman, Jacqueline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>State Univ. of New York, Oswego, NY (US)</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>OSTI.GOV</collection><jtitle>Environmental research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Stewart, Paul</au><au>Pagano, James</au><au>Sargent, David</au><au>Darvill, Thomas</au><au>Lonky, Edward</au><au>Reihman, Jacqueline</au><aucorp>State Univ. of New York, Oswego, NY (US)</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effects of Great Lakes Fish Consumption on Brain PCB Pattern, Concentration, and Progressive-Ratio Performance</atitle><jtitle>Environmental research</jtitle><addtitle>Environ Res</addtitle><date>2000-01</date><risdate>2000</risdate><volume>82</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>18</spage><epage>32</epage><pages>18-32</pages><issn>0013-9351</issn><eissn>1096-0953</eissn><coden>ENVRAL</coden><abstract>This study investigated the effects of consumption of Great Lakes fish on progressive ratio performance, and on the pattern and concentrations of brain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE), and mirex in the rat. Adult, male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a 30% diet of either Lake Ontario salmon (LAKE), Pacific Ocean salmon, or lab chow control for 20 or 65 days. Following the treatment regimen, half the rats from each group were sacrificed immediately for gas chromatographic analysis of organochlorine contaminants, and the other half were tested on a multiple fixed-ratio–progressive–ratio reinforcement schedule and then sacrificed for analysis. Consumption of Lake Ontario fish resulted in significantly higher levels of brain PCBs, DDE, and mirex relative to controls, but still well within human exposure ranges (<1 μg/g fat). Consumption of Lake Ontario fish for 20 or 65 days produced an average brain PCB concentration of 457 and 934 ng/g fat, respectively. Consumption of laboratory rat chow or Pacific Ocean salmon for 20 or 65 days produced an average brain PCB concentration of 240, 464, and 441 ng/g fat, respectively. Moreover, both LAKE-fed groups showed a much more heavily chlorinated pattern of brain PCBs than all control groups, as evidenced by both significant increases in the most heavily chlorinated PCB congeners and significant increases in the average chlorine biphenyl. All LAKE brains contained significant concentrations of DDE and mirex, whereas no control brains contained any detectable quantities. Analysis of progressive-ratio performance indicated that LAKE rats responded normally during fixed-ratio schedules but quit significantly sooner than control rats on a progressive-ratio 5 (PR5) schedule, indicating reduced persistence on progressively leaner reinforcement schedules. Analysis of brain PCBs indicated that total PCBs were most strongly related to PR5 performance. These data indicate that consumption by rats of contaminated Lake Ontario fish produces (1) increased concentrations of PCBs, DDE, and mirex in the brain, (2) a more heavily chlorinated distribution of PCBs in the brain, and (3) reduced persistence of progressive-ratio reinforcement schedules. While these behavioral changes are related to brain PCB level, more work is necessary before the effects can be directly attributed to PCBs.</abstract><cop>Amsterdam</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>10677143</pmid><doi>10.1006/enrs.1999.4005</doi><tpages>15</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0013-9351 |
| ispartof | Environmental research, 2000-01, Vol.82 (1), p.18-32 |
| issn | 0013-9351 1096-0953 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_osti_scitechconnect_20026669 |
| source | ScienceDirect Freedom Collection |
| subjects | Adult Animals Biological and medical sciences BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS BIOLOGICAL MODELS Body Weight BRAIN Brain - metabolism CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene - pharmacokinetics dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene Environmental Pollutants - pharmacokinetics ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES FOOD CHAINS Food toxicology Great Lakes fish Great Lakes Region Humans Insecticides - pharmacokinetics LAKE ONTARIO Male Medical sciences mirex Mirex - pharmacokinetics Oncorhynchus kisutch - metabolism POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS Polychlorinated Biphenyls - pharmacokinetics RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT EFFECTS ON LIVING ORGANISMS AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley SALMON TOXICITY Toxicology WATER POLLUTION |
| title | Effects of Great Lakes Fish Consumption on Brain PCB Pattern, Concentration, and Progressive-Ratio Performance |
| url | http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-06T04%3A22%3A51IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_osti_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects%20of%20Great%20Lakes%20Fish%20Consumption%20on%20Brain%20PCB%20Pattern,%20Concentration,%20and%20Progressive-Ratio%20Performance&rft.jtitle=Environmental%20research&rft.au=Stewart,%20Paul&rft.aucorp=State%20Univ.%20of%20New%20York,%20Oswego,%20NY%20(US)&rft.date=2000-01&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=18&rft.epage=32&rft.pages=18-32&rft.issn=0013-9351&rft.eissn=1096-0953&rft.coden=ENVRAL&rft_id=info:doi/10.1006/enrs.1999.4005&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_osti_%3E16135424%3C/proquest_osti_%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-ac0a9673ca643588f2fab1646c9348a948529f5f487807616b686cf5d052b1e33%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=14534260&rft_id=info:pmid/10677143&rfr_iscdi=true |