Human exposure assessment. II: Quantifying and reducing the uncertainties

Alternative methods of human exposure assessment that reduce and/or allow quantification of the uncertainties associated with exposure estimates are surveyed and illustrated. These alternative approaches include (1) use of more appropriate exposure parameter default values rather than values that re...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Toxicology and industrial health 1992-09, Vol.8 (5), p.321-342
Main Authors: Whitmyre, G K, Driver, J H, Ginevan, M E, Tardiff, R G, Baker, S R
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
BIOLOGICAL MODELS
CALCULATION METHODS
Child
Child, Preschool
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE PATHWAY
Environmental Monitoring - legislation & jurisprudence
Environmental Monitoring - methods
Environmental Monitoring - standards
GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS//MATHEMATICS, COMPUTING, AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
Hazardous Substances - pharmacokinetics
Health Status Indicators
HUMAN POPULATIONS
Humans
Infant
Life Tables
Maximum Allowable Concentration
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE
Models, Biological
MONITORING
MONTE CARLO METHOD
POPULATIONS
PROBABILISTIC ESTIMATION
RELIABILITY
RISK ASSESSMENT
SAFETY STANDARDS
STANDARDS 570000 > Health & Safety
United States
United States Environmental Protection Agency
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Summary:Alternative methods of human exposure assessment that reduce and/or allow quantification of the uncertainties associated with exposure estimates are surveyed and illustrated. These alternative approaches include (1) use of more appropriate exposure parameter default values rather than values that result in extreme exposure estimates; (2) incorporation of time-activity data to better define appropriate exposure duration values; (3) the use of reasonable exposure scenarios rather than the traditional Maximally Exposed Individual (MEI) approach; (4) the use of stochastic approaches such as Monte Carlo-based and information analysis-based methods; (5) use of bivariate analysis to identify the extent to which interdependencies between different exposure parameters affect the distribution of exposure estimates; (6) use of less-than-lifetime exposure and risk assessment; and (7) incorporation of physiological considerations relevant to absorbed dose estimation, including route-specific impacts, use of improved absorption factors, and application of pharmacokinetic models. Other ways to improve the exposure assessment process, including assuring statistical equivalency in comparing different exposure estimates and incorporation of sensitive subpopulation considerations are also discussed, as are key research needs.
ISSN:0748-2337
1477-0393
DOI:10.1177/074823379200800508