The number of metabolic abnormalities associated with the risk of gallstones in a non-diabetic population

To evaluate whether metabolic syndrome is associated with gallstones, independent of hepatitis C infection or chronic kidney disease (CKD), in a non-diabetic population. A total of 8,188 Chinese adult participants that underwent a self-motivated health examination were recruited into the final analy...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PloS one 2014-03, Vol.9 (3), p.e90310-e90310
Main Authors: Tsai, Chung-Hung, Wu, Jin-Shang, Chang, Yin-Fan, Lu, Feng-Hwa, Yang, Yi-Ching, Chang, Chih-Jen
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Abnormalities
Adult
Alcohol use
Alcohols
Anticholesteremic agents
Antihypertensives
Cholecystectomy
Chronic infection
Chronic kidney failure
Diabetes mellitus
Drinking behavior
Echoes
Female
Gallstones
Gallstones - etiology
Gallstones - metabolism
Gravitation
Gravity
Health aspects
Hepatitis
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B - complications
Hepatitis B - metabolism
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C - complications
Hepatitis C - metabolism
Humans
Infection
Male
Medicine
Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome - complications
Metabolic Syndrome - metabolism
Middle Aged
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - complications
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - metabolism
Risk
Risk Factors
Smoking
Type 2 diabetes
Ultrasound
Young Adult
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Summary:To evaluate whether metabolic syndrome is associated with gallstones, independent of hepatitis C infection or chronic kidney disease (CKD), in a non-diabetic population. A total of 8,188 Chinese adult participants that underwent a self-motivated health examination were recruited into the final analysis after excluding the subjects who had a history of cholecystectomy, diabetes mellitus, or were currently using antihypertensive or lipid-lowering agents. Gallstones were defined by the presence of strong intraluminal echoes that were gravity-dependent or that attenuated ultrasound transmission. A total of 447 subjects (5.5%) had gallstones, with 239 (5.1%) men and 208 (6.0%) women. After adjusting for age, gender, obesity, education level, and lifestyle factors, included current smoking, alcohol drinking, regular exercise, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and CKD, there was a positive association between metabolic syndrome and gallstones. Moreover, as compared to subjects without metabolic abnormalities, subjects with one, two, and three or more suffered from a 35, 40, and 59% higher risk of gallstones, respectively. Non-diabetic subjects with metabolic syndrome had a higher risk of gallstones independent of hepatitis C or CKD, and a dose-dependent effect of metabolic abnormalities also exists.
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0090310