The power of saliva: Antimicrobial and beyond

• Published in: PLoS pathogens 2019-11, Vol.15 (11), p.e1008058-e1008058
• Main Authors: Vila, Taissa, Rizk, Alexandra M, Sultan, Ahmed S, Jabra-Rizk, Mary Ann
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Antiinfectives and antibacterials; Antimicrobial activity; Antimicrobial agents; Biology and Life Sciences; Biomarkers - metabolism; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Cell walls; Chewing; Commensals; Dental caries; Dental schools; Effectors; Fungicides; HIV; Homeostasis; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Iron; Lactoferrin; Lysozyme; Maintenance; Medicine and Health Sciences; Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms); Microorganisms; Mouth; Mouth - drug effects; Mouth - microbiology; Oncology; Oral cavity; Pathogenic microorganisms; Pathogens; Pearls; Peptides; Periodontal Diseases - diagnosis; Periodontal Diseases - metabolism; Periodontal Diseases - prevention & control; Research and Analysis Methods; Respiratory tract; Respiratory tract diseases; Saliva; Saliva - metabolism; Saliva - microbiology; Salivary Proteins and Peptides - metabolism; Secretion; Sequestering; Teeth
• ISSN: 1553-7374; 1553-7366; 1553-7374
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008058

[...]in addition to affecting taste, chewing, and swallowing—disruptions in saliva secretion increase the frequency of oral conditions such as oral candidiasis, gum disease, and tooth decay (caries), as well as respiratory tract infections [4, 6]. Importantly, individuals with all these conditions tend to be highly predisposed to oral candidiasis, likely due to compromised salivary antimicrobial effectors [6]. [...]it has become evident that saliva amasses an infinite wealth of beneficial protective and healing properties, particularly in its defense against microbial inhabitants of the oral cavity, commensals and pathogens alike. [...]saliva is rich with effectors that exert direct antimicrobial activity, such as enzymatic breakdown of bacterial cell walls by lysozyme and sequestering iron by lactoferrin [4, 5]. Saliva secretion is important for maintenance of the commensal state of C. albicans in the mouth as it is highly enriched in antifungal proteins such as histatin-5, which helps in limiting C. albicans attachment to the oral epithelia [20]. [...]it is not surprising that salivary hypofunction, characterized as reduced or absent saliva flow, predisposes to candidiasis.