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Responses of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes to ozone treatment on non-host tomato: Efficacy of intervention and evidence of induced acclimation

Because of the continuous rise of foodborne illnesses caused by the consumption of raw fruits and vegetables, effective post-harvest anti-microbial strategies are necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-microbial efficacy of ozone (O.sub.3) against two common causes of fresh produc...

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Published in:PloS one 2021-10, Vol.16 (10), p.e0256324-e0256324
Main Authors: Shu, Xiaomei, Singh, Manavi, Karampudi, Naga Bhushana Rao, Bridges, David F, Kitazumi, Ai, Wu, Vivian C. H, De los Reyes, Benildo G
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description Because of the continuous rise of foodborne illnesses caused by the consumption of raw fruits and vegetables, effective post-harvest anti-microbial strategies are necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-microbial efficacy of ozone (O.sub.3) against two common causes of fresh produce contamination, the Gram-negative Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes, and to relate its effects to potential mechanisms of xenobiosis by transcriptional network modeling. The study on non-host tomato environment correlated the dose x time aspects of xenobiosis by examining the correlation between bacterial survival in terms of log-reduction and defense responses at the level of gene expression. In E. coli, low (1 [mu]g O.sub.3 /g of fruit) and moderate (2 [mu]g O.sub.3 /g of fruit) doses caused insignificant reduction in survival, while high dose (3 [mu]g/g of fruit) caused significant reduction in survival in a time-dependent manner. In L. monocytogenes, moderate dose caused significant reduction even with short-duration exposure. Distinct responses to O.sub.3 xenobiosis between E. coli and L. monocytogenes are likely related to differences in membrane and cytoplasmic structure and components. Transcriptome profiling by RNA-Seq showed that primary defenses in E. coli were attenuated after exposure to a low dose, while the responses at moderate dose were characterized by massive upregulation of pathogenesis and stress-related genes, which implied the activation of defense responses. More genes were downregulated during the first hour at high dose, with a large number of such genes getting significantly upregulated after 2 hr and 3 hr. This trend suggests that prolonged exposure led to potential adaptation. In contrast, massive downregulation of genes was observed in L. monocytogenes regardless of dose and exposure duration, implying a mechanism of defense distinct from that of E. coli. The nature of bacterial responses revealed by this study should guide the selection of xenobiotic agents for eliminating bacterial contamination on fresh produce without overlooking the potential risks of adaptation.
doi_str_mv 10.1371/journal.pone.0256324
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-microbial efficacy of ozone (O.sub.3) against two common causes of fresh produce contamination, the Gram-negative Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes, and to relate its effects to potential mechanisms of xenobiosis by transcriptional network modeling. The study on non-host tomato environment correlated the dose x time aspects of xenobiosis by examining the correlation between bacterial survival in terms of log-reduction and defense responses at the level of gene expression. In E. coli, low (1 [mu]g O.sub.3 /g of fruit) and moderate (2 [mu]g O.sub.3 /g of fruit) doses caused insignificant reduction in survival, while high dose (3 [mu]g/g of fruit) caused significant reduction in survival in a time-dependent manner. In L. monocytogenes, moderate dose caused significant reduction even with short-duration exposure. Distinct responses to O.sub.3 xenobiosis between E. coli and L. monocytogenes are likely related to differences in membrane and cytoplasmic structure and components. Transcriptome profiling by RNA-Seq showed that primary defenses in E. coli were attenuated after exposure to a low dose, while the responses at moderate dose were characterized by massive upregulation of pathogenesis and stress-related genes, which implied the activation of defense responses. More genes were downregulated during the first hour at high dose, with a large number of such genes getting significantly upregulated after 2 hr and 3 hr. This trend suggests that prolonged exposure led to potential adaptation. In contrast, massive downregulation of genes was observed in L. monocytogenes regardless of dose and exposure duration, implying a mechanism of defense distinct from that of E. coli. The nature of bacterial responses revealed by this study should guide the selection of xenobiotic agents for eliminating bacterial contamination on fresh produce without overlooking the potential risks of adaptation.</abstract><cop>San Francisco</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34710139</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0256324</doi><tpages>e0256324</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5557-7398</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0503-4301</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Acclimation
Acclimatization
Adaptation
Analysis
Antiinfectives and antibacterials
Bacteria
Biology and Life Sciences
Computer and Information Sciences
Contamination
Defense mechanisms
Disinfection & disinfectants
E coli
Escherichia coli
Exposure
Farms
Food contamination
Foodborne diseases
Fruits
Gene expression
Genes
Genetic aspects
Gram-positive bacteria
Harvest
Intervention
Listeria
Listeria monocytogenes
Medicine and Health Sciences
Microorganisms
Ozonation
Ozone
Pathogenesis
Pathogens
Reduction
Soil sciences
Survival
Time dependence
Tomatoes
Transcription activation
Transcriptomes
Vegetables
title Responses of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes to ozone treatment on non-host tomato: Efficacy of intervention and evidence of induced acclimation
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