Contribution of gastroenteropancreatic appetite hormones to protein-induced satiety

• Published in: The American journal of clinical nutrition 2013-05, Vol.97 (5), p.980-989
• Main Authors: Belza, Anita, Ritz, Christian, Sørensen, Mejse Q, Holst, Jens J, Rehfeld, Jens F, Astrup, Arne
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: additive effect; Adult; Appetite - physiology; Biological and medical sciences; blood; Blood Glucose - analysis; Body mass index; Carbohydrates; cholecystokinin; Cholecystokinin - blood; Cholecystokinin - physiology; clinical nutrition; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Proteins - administration & dosage; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; energy; Energy Intake; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; gastric inhibitory polypeptide; Gastrointestinal Hormones - blood; Gastrointestinal Hormones - physiology; ghrelin; Ghrelin - blood; Ghrelin - physiology; glucagon; Glucagon - blood; Glucagon - physiology; glucagon-like peptide 1; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 - blood; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 - physiology; Glucose; Hormones; Humans; hunger; Hunger - physiology; insulin; Insulin - blood; Insulin - physiology; lunch; Male; men; Pancreatic Hormones - blood; Pancreatic Hormones - physiology; peptide YY; Peptide YY - blood; Peptide YY - physiology; Polypeptides; protein content; protein intake; Proteins; Satiation - physiology; satiety; test meals; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0002-9165; 1938-3207
• DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.047563

Background: Effects of protein intake on appetite-regulating hormones and their dynamics are unclear.Objectives: We investigated the satiating effects of meals with varying protein contents and whether there was an effect of dose on appetite-regulating hormones and appetite ratings.Design: Twenty-five men [mean ± SD age: 30.0 ± 8.7 y; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2): 25.9 ± 4.7] participated in the 3-way, randomized, double-blind crossover study. Test meals were isocaloric with 30% of energy from fat and protein content adjusted at the expense of carbohydrate. Test meals were normal protein (NP; 14% of energy from protein), medium-high protein (MHP; 25% of energy from protein), and high protein (HP, 50% of energy from protein). Appetite ratings and blood samples were assessed every 0.5 h for 4 h. An ad libitum lunch was served 4 h after the meal.Results: Protein increased dose-dependently glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY) 3–36, and glucagon; MHP produced 10%, 7%, and 47% greater responses, respectively; and HP produced 20%, 14%, and 116% greater responses, respectively, than did NP (P < 0.03). Compared with NP, HP increased insulin and cholecystokinin and decreased ghrelin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (P < 0.05). Satiety and fullness dose-dependently increased by 7% and 6% for MHP and 16% and 19% for HP compared with NP (P < 0.001). Hunger and prospective consumption dose-dependently decreased by 15% and 13% for MHP and by 25% and 26% for HP compared with NP (P < 0.0003). There was a combined effect of GLP-1 and PYY 3–36 (P = 0.03) next to the additive effect of GLP-1 (P = 0.006) on the composite appetite score. No difference was shown in ad libitum energy intake.Conclusion: Protein dose-dependently increased satiety and GLP-1, PYY 3–36, and glucagon, which may, at least in part, be responsible for the satiety-stimulating effect of protein. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01561235.