Loading…
Susceptibility of contrail ice crystal numbers to aircraft soot particle emissions
We develop an idealized, physically based model describing combined effects of ice nucleation and sublimation on ice crystal number during persistent contrail formation. Our study represents the first effort to predict ice numbers at the point where contrails transition into contrail cirrus—several...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Geophysical research letters 2017-08, Vol.44 (15), p.8037-8046 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Subjects: | |
| Citations: | Items that this one cites Items that cite this one |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| cited_by | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3441-9b25320e27ac788100a114915b6688972adc429f683f026bb0e4d7a775f2135f3 |
|---|---|
| cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3441-9b25320e27ac788100a114915b6688972adc429f683f026bb0e4d7a775f2135f3 |
| container_end_page | 8046 |
| container_issue | 15 |
| container_start_page | 8037 |
| container_title | Geophysical research letters |
| container_volume | 44 |
| creator | Kärcher, B. Voigt, C. |
| description | We develop an idealized, physically based model describing combined effects of ice nucleation and sublimation on ice crystal number during persistent contrail formation. Our study represents the first effort to predict ice numbers at the point where contrails transition into contrail cirrus—several minutes past formation—by connecting them to aircraft soot particle emissions and atmospheric supersaturation with respect to ice. Results averaged over an observed exponential distribution of ice supersaturation (mean value 15%) indicate that large reductions in soot particle numbers are needed to lower contrail ice crystal numbers significantly for soot emission indices around 1015 (kg fuel)−1, because reductions in nucleated ice number are partially compensated by sublimation losses. Variations in soot particle (−50%) and water vapor (+10%) emission indices at threefold lower soot emissions resulting from biofuel blending cause ice crystal numbers to change by −35% and |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/2017GL074949 |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_1932421869</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>1932421869</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3441-9b25320e27ac788100a114915b6688972adc429f683f026bb0e4d7a775f2135f3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp90E1LxDAQBuAgCq6rN39AwKvVyUeb5iiLrkJBWPUc0mwCWdqmJinSf29lPXjyNHN4eId5EbomcEcA6D0FIrYNCC65PEErIjkvagBxilYActmpqM7RRUoHAGDAyArt3qZk7Jh96zufZxwcNmHIUfsOe2OxiXPKusPD1Lc2JpwD1j6aqF3GKYSMRx2zN53Ftvcp-TCkS3TmdJfs1e9co4-nx_fNc9G8bl82D01hGOekkC0tGQVLhTairpcHNCFckrKtqrqWguq94VS6qmYOaNW2YPleaCFKRwkrHVujm2PuGMPnZFNWhzDFYTmpiGSUU1JXclG3R2ViSClap8boex1nRUD9tKb-trZweuRfvrPzv1Ztd01Z0ZKwbwcBbQM</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1932421869</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Susceptibility of contrail ice crystal numbers to aircraft soot particle emissions</title><source>Wiley Online Library AGU Backfiles</source><creator>Kärcher, B. ; Voigt, C.</creator><creatorcontrib>Kärcher, B. ; Voigt, C.</creatorcontrib><description>We develop an idealized, physically based model describing combined effects of ice nucleation and sublimation on ice crystal number during persistent contrail formation. Our study represents the first effort to predict ice numbers at the point where contrails transition into contrail cirrus—several minutes past formation—by connecting them to aircraft soot particle emissions and atmospheric supersaturation with respect to ice. Results averaged over an observed exponential distribution of ice supersaturation (mean value 15%) indicate that large reductions in soot particle numbers are needed to lower contrail ice crystal numbers significantly for soot emission indices around 1015 (kg fuel)−1, because reductions in nucleated ice number are partially compensated by sublimation losses. Variations in soot particle (−50%) and water vapor (+10%) emission indices at threefold lower soot emissions resulting from biofuel blending cause ice crystal numbers to change by −35% and <5%, respectively. The efficiency of reduction depends on ice supersaturation and the size distribution of nucleated ice crystals in jet exhaust plumes and on atmospheric ice supersaturation, making the latter another key factor in contrail mitigation. We expect our study to have important repercussions for planning airborne measurements targeting contrail formation, designing parameterization schemes for use in large‐scale models, reducing uncertainties in predicting contrail cirrus, and mitigating the climate impact of aviation.
Plain Language Summary
The formation and modification of ice crystals in persistent aircraft condensation trails (contrails) is an important component in evaluating the climate impact of aviation. We connect for the first time contrail ice numbers at the end of the formation stage to aircraft soot emissions and atmospheric ice supersaturation. We offer a framework to estimate changes in ice number and to compare effects of mitigation options. Our results show that large reductions in soot emissions are required to lower contrail ice numbers significantly, and those ice numbers are insensitive to small variations of the amount of water vapor emitted by aircraft jet engines. Our study has important implications for planning field measurements, reducing uncertainties in numerical predictions of contrail cirrus effects on climate and for mitigating this impact.
Key Points
First study to link ice crystal nucleation and sublimation in the contrail formation stage at the process level
Small variations in soot particle and water vapor emissions do not affect initial ice crystal numbers strongly
Conceptual framework useful to compare effects of mitigation options targeting contrail ice formation</description><identifier>ISSN: 0094-8276</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1944-8007</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/2017GL074949</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Aerospace engines ; Airborne sensing ; Aircraft ; Aircraft components ; Atmospheric models ; Aviation ; Biofuels ; Biomass ; Blending ; Climate ; Climate effects ; Climate models ; Condensation ; Connecting ; Contrail effects ; Contrail formation ; Contrails ; Crystals ; Efficiency ; Emissions ; Engines ; formation ; Frameworks ; Fuels ; Gas turbine engines ; Ice ; Ice crystals ; Ice formation ; Ice nucleation ; Jet exhaust ; Large-scale models ; Mitigation ; Nucleation ; Parameterization ; Particle size distribution ; Plumes ; Predictions ; Probability distribution functions ; Scale models ; Size distribution ; Soot ; Sublimation ; Supersaturation ; Water content ; Water vapor ; Water vapour</subject><ispartof>Geophysical research letters, 2017-08, Vol.44 (15), p.8037-8046</ispartof><rights>2017. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3441-9b25320e27ac788100a114915b6688972adc429f683f026bb0e4d7a775f2135f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3441-9b25320e27ac788100a114915b6688972adc429f683f026bb0e4d7a775f2135f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8925-7731 ; 0000-0003-0278-4980</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2F2017GL074949$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2F2017GL074949$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,11514,27924,27925,46468,46892</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Kärcher, B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Voigt, C.</creatorcontrib><title>Susceptibility of contrail ice crystal numbers to aircraft soot particle emissions</title><title>Geophysical research letters</title><description>We develop an idealized, physically based model describing combined effects of ice nucleation and sublimation on ice crystal number during persistent contrail formation. Our study represents the first effort to predict ice numbers at the point where contrails transition into contrail cirrus—several minutes past formation—by connecting them to aircraft soot particle emissions and atmospheric supersaturation with respect to ice. Results averaged over an observed exponential distribution of ice supersaturation (mean value 15%) indicate that large reductions in soot particle numbers are needed to lower contrail ice crystal numbers significantly for soot emission indices around 1015 (kg fuel)−1, because reductions in nucleated ice number are partially compensated by sublimation losses. Variations in soot particle (−50%) and water vapor (+10%) emission indices at threefold lower soot emissions resulting from biofuel blending cause ice crystal numbers to change by −35% and <5%, respectively. The efficiency of reduction depends on ice supersaturation and the size distribution of nucleated ice crystals in jet exhaust plumes and on atmospheric ice supersaturation, making the latter another key factor in contrail mitigation. We expect our study to have important repercussions for planning airborne measurements targeting contrail formation, designing parameterization schemes for use in large‐scale models, reducing uncertainties in predicting contrail cirrus, and mitigating the climate impact of aviation.
Plain Language Summary
The formation and modification of ice crystals in persistent aircraft condensation trails (contrails) is an important component in evaluating the climate impact of aviation. We connect for the first time contrail ice numbers at the end of the formation stage to aircraft soot emissions and atmospheric ice supersaturation. We offer a framework to estimate changes in ice number and to compare effects of mitigation options. Our results show that large reductions in soot emissions are required to lower contrail ice numbers significantly, and those ice numbers are insensitive to small variations of the amount of water vapor emitted by aircraft jet engines. Our study has important implications for planning field measurements, reducing uncertainties in numerical predictions of contrail cirrus effects on climate and for mitigating this impact.
Key Points
First study to link ice crystal nucleation and sublimation in the contrail formation stage at the process level
Small variations in soot particle and water vapor emissions do not affect initial ice crystal numbers strongly
Conceptual framework useful to compare effects of mitigation options targeting contrail ice formation</description><subject>Aerospace engines</subject><subject>Airborne sensing</subject><subject>Aircraft</subject><subject>Aircraft components</subject><subject>Atmospheric models</subject><subject>Aviation</subject><subject>Biofuels</subject><subject>Biomass</subject><subject>Blending</subject><subject>Climate</subject><subject>Climate effects</subject><subject>Climate models</subject><subject>Condensation</subject><subject>Connecting</subject><subject>Contrail effects</subject><subject>Contrail formation</subject><subject>Contrails</subject><subject>Crystals</subject><subject>Efficiency</subject><subject>Emissions</subject><subject>Engines</subject><subject>formation</subject><subject>Frameworks</subject><subject>Fuels</subject><subject>Gas turbine engines</subject><subject>Ice</subject><subject>Ice crystals</subject><subject>Ice formation</subject><subject>Ice nucleation</subject><subject>Jet exhaust</subject><subject>Large-scale models</subject><subject>Mitigation</subject><subject>Nucleation</subject><subject>Parameterization</subject><subject>Particle size distribution</subject><subject>Plumes</subject><subject>Predictions</subject><subject>Probability distribution functions</subject><subject>Scale models</subject><subject>Size distribution</subject><subject>Soot</subject><subject>Sublimation</subject><subject>Supersaturation</subject><subject>Water content</subject><subject>Water vapor</subject><subject>Water vapour</subject><issn>0094-8276</issn><issn>1944-8007</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp90E1LxDAQBuAgCq6rN39AwKvVyUeb5iiLrkJBWPUc0mwCWdqmJinSf29lPXjyNHN4eId5EbomcEcA6D0FIrYNCC65PEErIjkvagBxilYActmpqM7RRUoHAGDAyArt3qZk7Jh96zufZxwcNmHIUfsOe2OxiXPKusPD1Lc2JpwD1j6aqF3GKYSMRx2zN53Ftvcp-TCkS3TmdJfs1e9co4-nx_fNc9G8bl82D01hGOekkC0tGQVLhTairpcHNCFckrKtqrqWguq94VS6qmYOaNW2YPleaCFKRwkrHVujm2PuGMPnZFNWhzDFYTmpiGSUU1JXclG3R2ViSClap8boex1nRUD9tKb-trZweuRfvrPzv1Ztd01Z0ZKwbwcBbQM</recordid><startdate>20170816</startdate><enddate>20170816</enddate><creator>Kärcher, B.</creator><creator>Voigt, C.</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>L7M</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8925-7731</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-4980</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20170816</creationdate><title>Susceptibility of contrail ice crystal numbers to aircraft soot particle emissions</title><author>Kärcher, B. ; Voigt, C.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3441-9b25320e27ac788100a114915b6688972adc429f683f026bb0e4d7a775f2135f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Aerospace engines</topic><topic>Airborne sensing</topic><topic>Aircraft</topic><topic>Aircraft components</topic><topic>Atmospheric models</topic><topic>Aviation</topic><topic>Biofuels</topic><topic>Biomass</topic><topic>Blending</topic><topic>Climate</topic><topic>Climate effects</topic><topic>Climate models</topic><topic>Condensation</topic><topic>Connecting</topic><topic>Contrail effects</topic><topic>Contrail formation</topic><topic>Contrails</topic><topic>Crystals</topic><topic>Efficiency</topic><topic>Emissions</topic><topic>Engines</topic><topic>formation</topic><topic>Frameworks</topic><topic>Fuels</topic><topic>Gas turbine engines</topic><topic>Ice</topic><topic>Ice crystals</topic><topic>Ice formation</topic><topic>Ice nucleation</topic><topic>Jet exhaust</topic><topic>Large-scale models</topic><topic>Mitigation</topic><topic>Nucleation</topic><topic>Parameterization</topic><topic>Particle size distribution</topic><topic>Plumes</topic><topic>Predictions</topic><topic>Probability distribution functions</topic><topic>Scale models</topic><topic>Size distribution</topic><topic>Soot</topic><topic>Sublimation</topic><topic>Supersaturation</topic><topic>Water content</topic><topic>Water vapor</topic><topic>Water vapour</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Kärcher, B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Voigt, C.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Geophysical research letters</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Kärcher, B.</au><au>Voigt, C.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Susceptibility of contrail ice crystal numbers to aircraft soot particle emissions</atitle><jtitle>Geophysical research letters</jtitle><date>2017-08-16</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>44</volume><issue>15</issue><spage>8037</spage><epage>8046</epage><pages>8037-8046</pages><issn>0094-8276</issn><eissn>1944-8007</eissn><abstract>We develop an idealized, physically based model describing combined effects of ice nucleation and sublimation on ice crystal number during persistent contrail formation. Our study represents the first effort to predict ice numbers at the point where contrails transition into contrail cirrus—several minutes past formation—by connecting them to aircraft soot particle emissions and atmospheric supersaturation with respect to ice. Results averaged over an observed exponential distribution of ice supersaturation (mean value 15%) indicate that large reductions in soot particle numbers are needed to lower contrail ice crystal numbers significantly for soot emission indices around 1015 (kg fuel)−1, because reductions in nucleated ice number are partially compensated by sublimation losses. Variations in soot particle (−50%) and water vapor (+10%) emission indices at threefold lower soot emissions resulting from biofuel blending cause ice crystal numbers to change by −35% and <5%, respectively. The efficiency of reduction depends on ice supersaturation and the size distribution of nucleated ice crystals in jet exhaust plumes and on atmospheric ice supersaturation, making the latter another key factor in contrail mitigation. We expect our study to have important repercussions for planning airborne measurements targeting contrail formation, designing parameterization schemes for use in large‐scale models, reducing uncertainties in predicting contrail cirrus, and mitigating the climate impact of aviation.
Plain Language Summary
The formation and modification of ice crystals in persistent aircraft condensation trails (contrails) is an important component in evaluating the climate impact of aviation. We connect for the first time contrail ice numbers at the end of the formation stage to aircraft soot emissions and atmospheric ice supersaturation. We offer a framework to estimate changes in ice number and to compare effects of mitigation options. Our results show that large reductions in soot emissions are required to lower contrail ice numbers significantly, and those ice numbers are insensitive to small variations of the amount of water vapor emitted by aircraft jet engines. Our study has important implications for planning field measurements, reducing uncertainties in numerical predictions of contrail cirrus effects on climate and for mitigating this impact.
Key Points
First study to link ice crystal nucleation and sublimation in the contrail formation stage at the process level
Small variations in soot particle and water vapor emissions do not affect initial ice crystal numbers strongly
Conceptual framework useful to compare effects of mitigation options targeting contrail ice formation</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</pub><doi>10.1002/2017GL074949</doi><tpages>10</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8925-7731</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-4980</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0094-8276 |
| ispartof | Geophysical research letters, 2017-08, Vol.44 (15), p.8037-8046 |
| issn | 0094-8276 1944-8007 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_1932421869 |
| source | Wiley Online Library AGU Backfiles |
| subjects | Aerospace engines Airborne sensing Aircraft Aircraft components Atmospheric models Aviation Biofuels Biomass Blending Climate Climate effects Climate models Condensation Connecting Contrail effects Contrail formation Contrails Crystals Efficiency Emissions Engines formation Frameworks Fuels Gas turbine engines Ice Ice crystals Ice formation Ice nucleation Jet exhaust Large-scale models Mitigation Nucleation Parameterization Particle size distribution Plumes Predictions Probability distribution functions Scale models Size distribution Soot Sublimation Supersaturation Water content Water vapor Water vapour |
| title | Susceptibility of contrail ice crystal numbers to aircraft soot particle emissions |
| url | http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-27T05%3A19%3A54IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Susceptibility%20of%20contrail%20ice%20crystal%20numbers%20to%20aircraft%20soot%20particle%20emissions&rft.jtitle=Geophysical%20research%20letters&rft.au=K%C3%A4rcher,%20B.&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=15&rft.spage=8037&rft.epage=8046&rft.pages=8037-8046&rft.issn=0094-8276&rft.eissn=1944-8007&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002/2017GL074949&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E1932421869%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3441-9b25320e27ac788100a114915b6688972adc429f683f026bb0e4d7a775f2135f3%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1932421869&rft_id=info:pmid/&rfr_iscdi=true |