Characterization of Hydraulic Fractures Growth During the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory Experiment (Sweden)

• Published in: Rock mechanics and rock engineering 2017-11, Vol.50 (11), p.2985-3001
• Main Authors: López-Comino, J. A., Cesca, S., Heimann, S., Grigoli, F., Milkereit, C., Dahm, T., Zang, A.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acoustic emission; Boreholes; Civil Engineering; Coherence analysis; Crack propagation; Detection; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Experiments; Fractures; Geophysics/Geodesy; Growth; Hydraulic fracturing; Hydraulics; Injection; Laboratories; Orientation; Original Paper; Reinjection; Rocks; Rupture; Rupturing; Water injection
• ISSN: 0723-2632; 1434-453X
• DOI: 10.1007/s00603-017-1285-0

A crucial issue to characterize hydraulic fractures is the robust, accurate and automated detection and location of acoustic emissions (AE) associated with the fracture nucleation and growth process. Waveform stacking and coherence analysis techniques are here adapted using massive datasets with very high sampling (1 MHz) from a hydraulic fracturing experiment that took place 410 m below surface in the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden). We present the results obtained during the conventional, continuous water injection experiment Hydraulic Fracture 2. The resulting catalogue is composed of more than 4000 AEs. Frequency–magnitude distribution from AE magnitudes (MAE) reveals a high b value of 2.4. The magnitude of completeness is also estimated approximately MAE 1.1, and we observe an interval range of MAE between 0.77 and 2.79. The hydraulic fractures growth is then characterized by mapping the spatiotemporal evolution of AE hypocentres. The AE activity is spatially clustered in a prolate ellipsoid, resembling the main activated fracture volume (~105 m 3 ), where the lengths of the principal axes ( a  = 10 m; b  = 5 m; c  = 4 m) define its size and its orientation can be estimated for a rupture plane (strike ~123°, dip ~60°). An asymmetric rupture process regarding to the fracturing borehole is clearly exhibited. AE events migrate upwards covering the depth interval between 404 and 414 m. After completing each injection and reinjection phase, the AE activity decreases and appears located in the same area of the initial fracture phase, suggesting a crack-closing effect.