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Solid-phase extraction in clinical biochemistry

In order to measure low concentrations of analytes in plasma and urine, it is often necessary to extract and concentrate them. With solid-phase extraction (SPE), this is achieved by partitioning the analytes between a solid and a liquid or headspace vapour. A wide range of high-quality materials is...

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Published in:Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 2002-09, Vol.39 (5), p.464-477
Main Authors: WALKER, Valerie, MILLS, Graham A
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MILLS, Graham A
description In order to measure low concentrations of analytes in plasma and urine, it is often necessary to extract and concentrate them. With solid-phase extraction (SPE), this is achieved by partitioning the analytes between a solid and a liquid or headspace vapour. A wide range of high-quality materials is now available to do this, offering a variety of separation modes for different applications. These include partitioning using reversed-phase, normal-phase, ion-exchange, restricted-access and immunoaffinity sorbents or molecularly imprinted polymers and, increasingly, combinations of these processes. Solid-phase microextraction was introduced to analyse volatile and semi-volatile compounds. The range of sampling formats has expanded from simple packed syringes to cartridges, disks, SPE pipette tips and 96-well plates. These developments have facilitated automated off- and on-line sample processing. The basic principles of SPE and the recent innovations are reviewed here. This is a technological growth area. Some of the developments are finding application in clinical toxicology. However, they could also be of wider value in clinical chemistry - for example, for analyses of volatile and non-volatile metabolites, peptides, radioactive elements and trace metal speciation.
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subjects Adsorption
Animals
Automation
Biochemistry
Biological and medical sciences
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical - methods
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical - trends
Chemistry, Clinical - instrumentation
Chemistry, Clinical - methods
Humans
Investigative techniques, diagnostic techniques (general aspects)
Medical sciences
Miscellaneous. Technology
Pathology. Cytology. Biochemistry. Spectrometry. Miscellaneous investigative techniques
title Solid-phase extraction in clinical biochemistry
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