Achieving the orthoplex bound and constructing weighted complex projective 2-designs with Singer sets

• Published in: Linear algebra and its applications 2016-12, Vol.511, p.54-71
• Main Authors: Bodmann, Bernhard G., Haas, John
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Difference sets; Frames; Hilbert space; Line packings; Linear algebra; Mathematics; Orthoplex bound; Projective designs; Relative difference sets; Welch bound
• ISSN: 0024-3795; 1873-1856
• DOI: 10.1016/j.laa.2016.09.005

Equiangular tight frames are examples of Grassmannian line packings for a Hilbert space. More specifically, according to a bound by Welch, they are minimizers for the maximal magnitude occurring among the inner products of all pairs of vectors in a unit-norm frame. This paper is dedicated to packings in the regime in which the number of frame vectors precludes the existence of equiangular frames. The orthoplex bound then serves as an alternative to infer a geometric structure of optimal designs. We construct frames of unit-norm vectors in K-dimensional complex Hilbert spaces that achieve the orthoplex bound. When K−1 is a prime power, we obtain a tight frame with K2+1 vectors and when K is a prime power, with K2+K−1 vectors. In addition, we show that these frames form weighted complex projective 2-designs that are useful additions to maximal equiangular tight frames and maximal sets of mutually unbiased bases in quantum state tomography. Our construction is based on Singer's family of difference sets and the related concept of relative difference sets.