The effect of agriculture on the seasonal dynamics and functional diversity of benthic biofilm in tropical headwater streams

• Published in: Biotropica 2019-01, Vol.51 (1), p.18-27
• Main Authors: Taniwaki, Ricardo H., Matthaei, Christoph D., Cardoso, Tatima K. M., Ferraz, Silvio F. B., Martinelli, Luiz A., Piggott, Jeremy J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Agricultural land; Agricultural management; Agricultural watersheds; Agriculture; Algae; Annual variations; Benthos; Biodegradation; Biodiversity; bioenergy; Biofilms; Biomass; Brazil; Catchment area; Catchments; Climate; Climate change; Diatoms; Drainage; Dynamics; Ecosystems; Environmental changes; Food chains; Food webs; Headwaters; Land use; Mineral nutrients; Nutrient availability; Nutrient enrichment; Nutrient flow; Nutrients; Pasture; periphyton; Renewable energy; Resource availability; Riparian environments; Riparian forests; Rivers; Runoff; Stream degradation; Stream discharge; Stream flow; Streams; Sugarcane; São Paulo; Temperature effects; traits; Tropical climate; Tropical environments; Water temperature
• ISSN: 0006-3606; 1744-7429
• DOI: 10.1111/btp.12617

Tropical streams are one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world due to the constant pressures from human activities. Among these activities, agriculture represents a land use that is crucial for human development but also a key driver of stream degradation and biodiversity decline in the tropics. Against this background, we investigated indirect effects of agriculture (alterations in stream flow and nutrient availability) and climate characteristics (water temperature) on benthic biofilm communities in tropical streams (São Paulo State, Brazil). Three first‐order streams draining catchments dominated by agricultural land use (sugarcane for bioenergy production, pasture) with some remaining riparian forest were studied for 1 year. We focused on the relationships of benthic biofilm biomass, algal biomass, diatom community, and functional structure with streamflow dynamics, nitrate concentrations, and water temperature. Our results indicate that these biological responses were mainly mediated by flow and water temperature and not by resource availability in the studied headwater streams. This result could be explained by the heavy rains and elevated runoff generation in these tropical catchments under agricultural influence, which might override the known effects of nutrient enrichment on benthic biofilm communities. Considering forecast climate and land‐use changes in tropical streams, our findings may suggest potential shifts in benthic biofilm communities, with functional consequences for aquatic food webs in these environments. in Brazilian Portuguese is available with online material. Resumo Os riachos tropicais são um dos ecossistemas mais ameaçados do mundo, devido às constantes pressões das atividades humanas. Dentre essas atividades, a agricultura é um fator‐chave para a degradação dos ambientes aquáticos e o declínio da biodiversidade nos trópicos, apesar de contribuir para o desenvolvimento humano. Neste contexto, nós investigamos os efeitos indiretos da agricultura (ex: alterações na vazão e na disponibilidade de nutrientes) e das características climáticas (temperatura da água) em comunidades perifíticas de riachos tropicais (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil). Três riachos de primeira ordem que drenam microbacias com uso do solo predominantemente agrícola (cana‐de‐açúcar para produção de bioenergia, pastagem e florestas plantadas) foram estudados por um ano. Focamos nos efeitos da dinâmica da vazão, concentrações de nitrato e temperatura da ág