Nephrotoxicity of beta-lactam antibiotics: mechanisms and strategies for prevention

The nephrotoxic beta-lactam antibiotics cause acute proximal tubular necrosis. Significant renal toxicity, which has been rare with the penicillins and uncommon with the cephalosporins, is a greater risk with the penems. Mechanisms of injury include: (1) transport into the tubular cell, mainly throu...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, West) West), 1997-12, Vol.11 (6), p.768-772
Main Author: Tune, B M
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents - adverse effects
Antibiotics
beta-Lactams
Humans
Kidney Diseases - chemically induced
Kidney Diseases - pathology
Kidney Diseases - prevention & control
Lipid peroxidation
Necrosis
Proteins
Toxicity
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Summary:The nephrotoxic beta-lactam antibiotics cause acute proximal tubular necrosis. Significant renal toxicity, which has been rare with the penicillins and uncommon with the cephalosporins, is a greater risk with the penems. Mechanisms of injury include: (1) transport into the tubular cell, mainly through the antiluminal organic anion secretory carrier; (2) acylation of target proteins, causing respiratory toxicity by inactivation of mitochondrial anionic substrate carriers; and (3) lipid peroxidation. The most nephrotoxic beta-lactams available for study are cephaloridine, cephaloglycin, and imipenem; panipenem, which is comparably nephrotoxic, is currently available only in Japan. Cephaloridine has several unique properties, probably all caused by its pyridinium side-group: (1) its secretory transport into the tubular cell is followed by minimal cell to luminal fluid movement, resulting in extreme intracellular sequestration; (2) it is the only beta-lactam shown to cause significant oxidative injury; (3) it has a limited ability to attack the mitochondrial carriers for pyruvate and the short-chain fatty anions. Cephaloglycin and imipenem undergo less intracellular trapping than cephaloridine, but have sufficient tubular cell uptake, reactivity, and generalized toxicity to mitochondrial substrate carriers to be severely nephrotoxic. Cephaloridine and cephaloglycin are no longer used clinically. Imipenem and panipenem are marketed in combination with nephroprotective renal transport inhibitors. Strategies for avoiding renal toxicity with new cephalosporins and penems are discussed.
ISSN:0931-041X
1432-198X
DOI:10.1007/s004670050386