Spatial Organization of Human Population and Wastewater Treatment Plants in Urbanized River Basins

• Published in: Water resources research 2019-07, Vol.55 (7), p.6138-6152
• Main Authors: Yang, Soohyun, Büttner, Olaf, Jawitz, James W., Kumar, Rohini, Rao, P. Suresh C., Borchardt, Dietrich
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aquatic ecosystems; Basins; basin‐scale spatial patterns; Clustering; Creeks & streams; Ecosystem integrity; Equivalence; Flow paths; Human populations; Human settlements; Human wastes; Longitude; Organizations; Population; Population distribution; Population studies; Ratios; River basins; River networks; River water; Rivers; scale‐invariance; Scaling; spatially hierarchical distribution; Stream order; Urban areas; Wastewater treatment; Wastewater treatment plants; Water quality; Water treatment
• ISSN: 0043-1397; 1944-7973
• DOI: 10.1029/2018WR024614

Discharge from multiple wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) distributed in urbanized river basins contributes to impairments of river water‐quality and aquatic ecosystem integrity, with size and location of WWTPs determined by population distribution within a river basin. Here we used geo‐referenced data for WWTPs in Germany to investigate the spatial organization of three attributes of interest in this study: population, population equivalents (the aggregated population served by each WWTP), and the number/sizes of WWTPs. To this end, we selected as case studies three large urbanized river basins (Weser, Elbe, and Rhine), home to about 70% of the population in Germany. We employed fractal river networks as structural platforms to examine the spatial patterns from two perspectives: spatial hierarchy (stream order) and patterns along longitudinal flow paths (width function). Moreover, we proposed three dimensionless scaling indices to quantify (1) human settlement preferences by stream order, (2) non‐sanitary flow contribution to total wastewater treated at WWTPs, and (3) degree of centralization in WWTPs locations. Across the three river basins, we found scale‐invariant distributions for each of the three attributes with stream order, quantified using extended Horton scaling ratios. We found a weak downstream clustering of population in the three basins. Variations in population equivalent clustering among different class‐sizes of WWTPs reflected the size, number, and locations of urban agglomerations in these river basins. We discussed the applicability of this approach to other large urbanized basins to analyze spatial organization of population and WWTPs. Key Points Spatial hierarchies for population, population equivalents, and the number of wastewater treatment plants are scale‐invariant Unique patterns for cities size and number affect clustering location and degree for different class‐sizes of wastewater treatment plants Three scaling indices characterize correlations in spatial patterns of population, population equivalents, and wastewater treatment plants