Internal Structure of a Seafloor Massive Sulfide Deposit by Electrical Resistivity Tomography, Okinawa Trough

• Published in: Geophysical research letters 2019-10, Vol.46 (20), p.11025-11034
• Main Authors: Ishizu, K., Goto, T., Ohta, Y., Kasaya, T., Iwamoto, H., Vachiratienchai, C., Siripunvaraporn, W., Tsuji, T., Kumagai, H., Koike, K.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cap rocks; Copper; Deposits; Electrical resistivity; Exposure; Fluids; Geophysical methods; Geophysical surveys; Geophysics; Heavy metals; Hydrothermal fields; Ocean circulation; Ocean floor; Oceanic crust; Permeability; Rocks; Seawater; Spatial distribution; Structures; Sulfides; Sulphides; Tomography; Upwelling; Zinc
• ISSN: 0094-8276; 1944-8007
• DOI: 10.1029/2019GL083749

Although seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits are crucially important metal resources that contain high‐grade metals such as copper, lead, and zinc, their internal structures and generation mechanisms remain unclear. This study obtained detailed near‐seafloor images of electrical resistivity in a hydrothermal field off Okinawa, southwestern Japan, using deep‐towed marine electrical resistivity tomography. The image clarified a semi‐layered resistivity structure, interpreted as SMS deposits exposed on the seafloor, and another deep‐seated SMS layer at about 40‐m depth below the seafloor. The images reinforce our inference of a new mechanism of SMS evolution: Upwelling hydrothermal fluid is trapped under less‐permeable cap rock. The deeper embedded SMS accumulates there. Then hydrothermal fluids expelled on the seafloor form exposed SMS deposits. Plain Language Summary Hydrothermal circulation of seawater through the permeable ocean crust engenders formation of seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits, which present high potential for metal mining. Geophysical surveys using modes such as electrical and electromagnetic methods have revealed that SMS deposits exhibit lower resistivity than the surrounding host rock. However, because detailed geophysical images of internal structures of SMS deposits are lacking, the spatial distribution of SMS deposits and the evolutionary processes of SMS deposits remain unclear. For this study, we applied a deep‐towed marine electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) system to capture detailed images of electrical resistivity structures of SMS deposits in the Iheya North hydrothermal field, Okinawa Trough, southwestern Japan. An optimal sub‐seafloor resistivity section reveals a semi‐layered structure consisting of double low‐resistivity SMS layers: exposed and deep‐seated ones. Between the SMS layers, a cap rock layer is recognized as a moderately resistive zone. This detailed structure offers an explanation of how the SMS deposits accumulate: Hydrothermal fluids upwelling from the deep crust are trapped by less‐permeable cap rock, which results in the precipitation and accumulation of SMS deposits below the cap rock. Then fluids passing through the cap rock to the seafloor produce SMS deposits on the seafloor. Key Points Deep‐towed marine electrical resistivity tomography revealed massive sulfide deposits on the seafloor as low‐resistivity zones Low‐resistivity zones are semi‐layered with deposits exposed on the seafloor and